List of Abbreviations Used in This Dictionary (part 8)

Iota, ī-ō′ta, n. a jot: a very small quantity or degree.—ns. Iot′acism, It′acism, the conversion of other vowel sounds into that of iota (Eng. ē), as in modern Gr. of η, υ, ει, η, οι, υι; It′acist. [Gr., the smallest letter in the alphabet, corresponding to the English i.]

I O U, ī′ō′ū′, n. a memorandum of debt given by a borrower to a lender, requiring no stamp, but to be holograph, dated, and addressed to some person.

Ipecacuanha, ip-e-kak-ū-an′a, n. the name both of a very valuable medicine and of the plant whose root produces it—used as an emetic. [Brazilian, 'smaller roadside sick-making plant.']

Ipomæa, ip-ō-mē′a, n. a genus of nat. ord. Convolvulaceæ. [Gr. ips, a worm, homoios, like.]

Iracund, ī′ra-kund, adj. (Carlyle) angry. [L.]

Irade, i-rä′de, n. a written decree of the Sultan of Turkey.

Iranian, ī-rān′i-an, adj. and n. of or pertaining to Iran, Persia: a branch of the Indo-European or Aryan tongues, including Persian, Zend, Pehlevi, and Parsi: an inhabitant of Iran.—Also Iran′ic.

Irascible, ī-ras′i-bl, adj. susceptible of ire or anger: easily provoked: irritable.—n. Irascibil′ity.—adv. Iras′cibly. [Fr.,—L. irascibilis—irasci, to be angry—ira, anger.]

Ire, īr, n. anger: rage: keen resentment.—adjs. Irate (ī-rāt′ or i-rāt′), enraged: angry; Ire′ful, full of ire or wrath: resentful.—adv. Ire′fully.—n. Ire′fulness. [L. ira, anger, irasci, irātus, to be angry.]

Irenic, ī-ren′ik, adj. tending to create peace: pacific—also Iren′ical.—n. Iren′icon, a proposition or scheme for peace: the deacon's litany at the beginning of the Greek liturgy—from its opening petitions for peace.—n.pl. Iren′ics, irenical theology:—opp. to Polemics. [See Eirenicon.]

Iricism. See Irish.

Irideæ, ī-rid′e-ē, n.pl. a natural order of endogenous plants, with fleshy root-stocks and showy flowers.—Also Iridā′ceæ. [Gr. iris, a rainbow.]

Iridium, ī-rid′i-um, n. the most infusible, and one of the heaviest, of the metals, found associated with the ore of platinum, so called from the iridescence of some of its solutions.—n. Iridos′mium, a native compound of iridium and osmium, used for pointing gold pens. [Gr. iris, iridos, the rainbow.]

Iris, ī′ris, n. the rainbow: an appearance resembling the rainbow: the contractile curtain perforated by the pupil, and forming the coloured part of the eye (also I′rid): the fleur-de-lis, or flagflower:—pl. I′rises.—adjs. I′ridal, Irid′ian, exhibiting the colours of the iris or rainbow: prismatic.—ns. Irides′cence, Iridisā′tion.—adjs. Irides′cent, coloured like the iris or rainbow; I′ridine, iridescent.—v.t. Ir′idise.—adjs. I′risāted, rainbow-coloured; Ir′ised, showing colours like the rainbow.—ns. Irī′tis, Iridī′tis, inflammation of the iris of the eye. [L. iris, iridis—Gr. iris, iridos, the rainbow.]

Iriscope, ī′ri-skōp, n. an instrument for exhibiting the prismatic colours. [Gr. iris, the rainbow, skopein, to see.]

Irish, ī′rish, adj. relating to or produced in Ireland.—n. language of the Irish, a form of Celtic: (pl.) the natives or inhabitants of Ireland.—ns. I′ricism, I′rishism, a phrase or idiom peculiar to the Irish.—n.pl. I′rishry, the people of Ireland.—Irish moss, carrageen; Irish stew, a palatable dish of mutton, onions, and potatoes, seasoned, and stewed in water mixed with flour.

Irk, ėrk, v.t. to weary: to trouble: to distress (now used only impersonally).—adj. Irk′some, causing uneasiness: tedious: unpleasant.—adv. Irk′somely.—n. Irk′someness. [M. E. irken—Scand., Sw. yrka, to urge; prob. cog. with L. urgēre.]

Iron, ī′urn, n. the most common and useful of the metals: an instrument or utensil made of iron, as a hand-harpoon, &c.: a golf-club with an iron head, more set back than the cleek: strength: (pl.) fetters: chains.—adj. formed of iron: resembling iron: rude: stern: fast-binding: not to be broken: robust: dull of understanding.—v.t. to smooth with a smoothing-iron: to arm with iron: to fetter.—adjs. I′ron-bound, bound with iron: rugged, as a coast; I′ron-cased; I′ronclad, clad in iron: covered or protected with iron.—n. a vessel defended by iron plates.—ns. I′ron-clay, a yellowish clay containing a large quantity of iron ore; I′roner, one who irons; I′ron-flint, ferruginous quartz; I′ron-found′er, one who founds or makes castings in iron; I′ron-found′ry, a place where iron is founded or cast.—adj. I′ron-gray, of a gray colour, like that of iron freshly cut or broken.—n. this colour.—adjs. I′ron-hand′ed, having hands hard as iron; I′ron-heart′ed, having a heart hard as iron: cruel.—ns. I′ron-heat′er, the piece of metal heated in the fire for a laundress's box-iron; I′roning, the act of smoothing with hot irons; I′roning-board, a smooth board covered with cloth, on which clothes are laid for ironing; I′roning-machine′, a machine for hotpressing cloth, hats, &c.; I′ron-liq′uor, iron acetate, a dyers' mordant; I′ronmaster, a master or proprietor of ironworks; I′ronmonger, a dealer in articles made of iron; I′ronmongery, a general name for articles made of iron: hardware; I′ron-mould, the spot left on wet cloth after touching rusty iron; I′ron-sand, sand containing particles of iron ore: steel filings used in fireworks.—adj. I′ron-sick (naut.), having the iron bolts and spikes much corroded.—n. I′ronside, a man of iron resolution: (pl.) a name given to Cromwell's irresistible horse.—adj. I′ron-sid′ed, having a side of, or as hard as, iron: rough: hardy.—ns. I′ronsmith, a worker in iron; I′ron-stone, a term usually applied to any ore yielding iron; I′ronware, wares or goods of iron.—adj. I′ron-wit′ted (Shak.), unfeeling, insensible.—n. I′ronwood, applied to the timber of various trees on account of their hardness.—adj. I′ron-word′ed (Tenn.), in words as strong as iron.—n. I′ronwork, the parts of a building, &c., made of iron: anything of iron: a furnace where iron is smelted, or a foundry, &c., where it is made into heavy work.—adj. I′rony, made, consisting, or partaking of iron: like iron: hard.—ns. Cast′-ī′ron, a compound of iron and carbon, obtained directly from iron ore by smelting; Ital′ian-ī′ron, an instrument for fluting linen or lace.—Iron age, an archæological term indicating the condition as to civilisation and culture of a people using iron as the material for their cutting tools and weapons: a period of cruel tyranny; Iron bark tree, a name given in Australia to certain species of Eucalyptus (q.v.); Iron crown, the ancient crown of Lombardy, so named from a thin band of iron said to be made from one of the nails of the Cross; Iron entered into his soul, the bitterest pang of grief has touched his heart.—Bessemer iron, pig-iron suitable for making Bessemer steel.—Have too many irons in the fire, to be trying to do too many things at once; In irons, having fetters on; Rule with a rod of iron, to rule with stern severity. [A.S. iren; Ger. eisen.]

Irony, ī′run-i, n. a mode of speech which enables the speaker to convey his meaning with greater force by means of a contrast between the thought which he evidently designs to express and that which his words properly signify: satire.—adj. Iron′ical, meaning the opposite of what is expressed: satirical.—adv. Iron′ically.—The irony of fate, the perverse malignity of fate. [Fr.,—L. ironia, Gr. eirōneia, dissimulation—eirōn, a dissembler—eirein, to talk.]

Irradiate, ir-rā′di-āt, v.t. to dart rays of light upon or into: to adorn with lustre: to decorate with shining ornaments: to animate with light or heat: to illuminate the understanding.—v.i. to emit rays: to shine.—adj. adorned with rays of light or with lustre.—ns. Irrā′diance, Irrā′diancy, the throwing of rays of light on (any object): that which irradiates or is irradiated: beams of light emitted: splendour.—adj. Irrā′diant, irradiating or shedding beams of light.—n. Irradiā′tion, act of irradiating or emitting beams of light: that which is irradiated: brightness: intellectual light.—adj. Irrā′diātive.

Irradicate, i-rad′i-kāt, v.t. to fix firmly.

Irrational, ir-rash′un-al, adj. void of reason or understanding: absurd.—n. Irrational′ity.—adv. Irra′tionally.—Irrational numbers, a term applied to those roots of numbers which cannot be accurately expressed by a finite number of figures—e.g. √2 is an irrational number.

Irrealisable, ir-rē′a-lī-za-bl, adj. not realisable.

Irrebuttable, ir-re-but′a-bl, adj. not to be rebutted.

Irreceptive, ir-re-sep′tiv, adj. not receptive.

Irreciprocal, ir-re-sip′ro-kal, adj. not reciprocal.

Irreclaimable, ir-re-klām′a-bl, adj. that cannot be reclaimed or reformed: incorrigible.—n. Irreclaim′ableness.—adv. Irreclaim′ably.

Irrecognisable, ir-rek′og-nīz-a-bl, adj. that cannot be recognised.—n. Irrecogni′tion, lack of recognition.

Irreconcilable, ir-rek-on-sīl′a-bl, adj. incapable of being brought back to a state of friendship: inconsistent.—ns. Irreconcil′ableness, Irreconcilabil′ity, incapability of being reconciled.—adv. Irreconcil′ably.—adj. Irrec′onciled, not reconciled or brought into harmony.—n. Irrec′oncilement.

Irrecoverable, ir-re-kuv′ėr-a-bl, adj. irretrievable.—n. Irrecov′erableness.—adv. Irrecov′erably.

Irredeemable, ir-re-dēm′a-bl, adj. not redeemable: not subject to be paid at the nominal value.—ns. Irredeem′ableness, Irredeemabil′ity.—adv. Irredeem′ably.

Irredentist, ir-e-den′tist, n. one of an Italian party formed in 1878, its aim to incorporate into Italy all Italian people politically belonging to other countries, as in the Tyrol, Nice, &c.—n. Irreden′tism, the programme of the Irredentist party. [It. irredentista—irredenta (Italia), 'unredeemed'—L. in, not, redemptus, redimĕre, to redeem.]

Irreducible, ir-re-dūs′i-bl, adj. that cannot be reduced or brought from one degree, form, or state to another: not to be reduced by manipulation, as a hernia, &c.—n. Irreduc′ibleness.—adv. Irreduc′ibly.—ns. Irreductibil′ity, Irreduc′tion.

Irreflective, ir-re-flekt′iv, adj. not reflective.—n. Irreflec′tion.

Irreformable, ir-re-for′ma-bl, adj. not reformable, not subject to revision or improvement.

Irrefragable, ir-ref′ra-ga-bl, adj. that cannot be refuted: unanswerable.—ns. Irrefragabil′ity, Irref′ragableness.—adv. Irref′ragably.—n. Irrefrangibil′ity.—adj. Irrefrangible (ir-e-fran′-ji-bl), not to be broken.—adv. Irrefran′gibly.—The Irrefragable Doctor, Alexander Hales (died 1245). [Fr.,—L. in, not, re, backwards, frangĕre, to break.]

Irrefutable, ir-re-fūt′a-bl, or ir-ref′ū-ta-bl, adj. that cannot be refuted.—adv. Irrefūt′ably (also -ref′-).

Irregular, ir-reg′ū-lar, adj. not according to rule: unnatural: unsystematic: vicious: (gram.) departing from the ordinary rules in its inflection: variable: not symmetrical, without regular form—(Shak.) Irreg′ulous.—n. a soldier not in regular service.—n. Irregular′ity, state of being irregular: deviation from a straight line, or from rule: departure from method or order: vice.—adv. Irreg′ularly.

Irrelative, ir-rel′a-tiv, adj. not relative.—adj. Irrelāt′ed.—n. Irrelā′tion.—adv. Irrel′atively.

Irrelevant, ir-rel′e-vant, adj. not relevant.—n. Irrel′evancy.—adv. Irrel′evantly.

Irreligious, ir-re-lij′us, adj. destitute of religion: ungodly.—adv. Irrelig′iously.—ns. Irrelig′iousness, Irrelig′ion, want of religion.

Irremeable, ir-rē′me-a-bl, adj. (Pope) not admitting of return. [L. in, not, remeabilis, remeāre—re, back, meāre, to go, come.]

Irremediable, ir-re-mē′di-a-bl, adj. that cannot be remedied or redressed.—n. Irremē′diableness.—adv. Irremē′diably.

Irremissible, ir-re-mis′i-bl, adj. not to be remitted or forgiven.—ns. Irremiss′ibleness, Irremiss′ion.—adj. Irremiss′ive.

Irremovable, ir-re-mōōv′a-bl, adj. not removable: steadfast.—ns. Irremovabil′ity, Irremov′ableness.—adv. Irremov′ably.

Irrenowned, ir-re-nownd′, adj. (Spens.) not renowned.

Irreparable, ir-rep′ar-a-bl, adj. that cannot be repaired or rectified.—ns. Irreparabil′ity, Irrep′arableness.—adv. Irrep′arably.

Irrepealable, ir-re-pēl′a-bl, adj. that cannot be repealed or annulled.—adv. Irrepeal′ably.

Irreplaceable, ir-re-plās′a-bl, adj. that cannot be replaced.

Irreprehensible, ir-rep-re-hens′i-bl, adj. that cannot be blamed.—n. Irreprehens′ibleness.—adv. Irreprehens′ibly.

Irrepressible, ir-re-pres′i-bl, adj. not to be restrained.—adv. Irrepress′ibly.

Irreproachable, ir-re-prōch′a-bl, adj. free from blame: upright: innocent.—n. Irreproach′ableness, freedom from blame.—adv. Irreproach′ably.

Irreproducible, ir-re-pro-dūs′i-bl, adj. that cannot be reproduced.

Irreprovable, ir-re-prōōv′a-bl, adj. blameless.—n. Irreprov′ableness.—adv. Irreprov′ably.

Irresistance, ir-re-zist′ans, n. want of resistance: passive submission.—adj. Irresist′ible, not to be opposed with success.—ns. Irresist′ibleness, Irresistibil′ity.—adv. Irresist′ibly.

Irresoluble, ir-rez′ol-ū-bl, adj. that cannot be resolved into parts: indissoluble: that cannot be released.

Irresolute, ir-rez′o-lūt, adj. not firm in purpose.—adv. Irres′olutely.—ns. Irres′oluteness, Irresolū′tion, want of resolution.

Irresolvable, ir-re-zolv′-a-bl, adj. that cannot be resolved.—ns. Irresolvabil′ity, Irresolv′ableness.

Irrespective, ir-re-spek′tiv, adj. not having regard to (with of).—adv. Irrespec′tively.

Irresponsible, ir-re-spons′i-bl, adj. not responsible (with for).—n. Irresponsibil′ity.—adv. Irrespons′ibly.—adj. Irrespons′ive.—n. Irrespons′iveness.

Irrestrainable, ir-re-strān′a-bl, adj. not restrainable.

Irresuscitable, ir-re-sus′i-ta-bl, adj. incapable of being resuscitated or revived.—adv. Irresus′citably.

Irretention, ir-re-ten′shun, n. absence of retention or power to retain.—adj. Irreten′tive.

Irretrievable, ir-re-trēv′a-bl, adj. not to be recovered.—n. Irretriev′ableness.—adv. Irretriev′ably.

Irreverent, ir-rev′ėr-ent, adj. not reverent: proceeding from irreverence.—n. Irrev′erence, want of reverence or veneration: want of due regard for the character and authority of the Supreme Being.—adj. Irreveren′tial.—adv. Irrev′erently.

Irreversible, ir-re-vėrs′i-bl, adj. not reversible: that cannot be recalled or annulled.—ns. Irreversibil′ity, Irrevers′ibleness.—adv. Irrevers′ibly.

Irrevocable, ir-rev′o-ka-bl, adj. that cannot be recalled.—n. Irrev′ocableness.—adv. Irrev′ocably.

Irrigate, ir′i-gāt, v.t. to water: to wet or moisten: to cause water to flow upon.—adj. Irr′igable, capable of being irrigated.—ns. Irrigā′tion, a method of producing or increasing fertility in soils by an artificial supply of water, or by inundating them at stated periods: act of watering, esp. of watering lands artificially; Irrigat′or, one who, or that which, irrigates: an appliance for washing a wound, &c.—adj. Irrig′uous, watered: wet. [L. irrigāre, -ātum—in, upon, rigāre, to wet; cf. Ger. regen, Eng. rain.]

Irrision, ir-rizh′un, n. act of laughing at another. [Fr.,—L. irrision-em—in, against, ridēre, risum, to laugh.]

Irritate, ir′i-tāt, v.t. to make angry: to provoke: to excite heat and redness in: (Scots law) to render null and void.—n. Irritabil′ity, the quality of being easily irritated: the peculiar susceptibility to stimuli possessed by the living tissues.—adj. Irr′itable, that may be irritated: easily provoked: (med.) susceptible of excitement or irritation.—n. Irr′itableness.—adv. Irr′itably.—n. Irr′itancy, the state of being irritant: a becoming null and void.—adj. Irr′itant, irritating.—n. that which causes irritation.—n. Irritā′tion, act of irritating or exciting: excitement: (med.) the term applied to any morbid excitement of the vital actions not amounting to inflammation, often, but not always, leading to that condition.—adjs. Irr′itātive, Irr′itātory, tending to irritate or excite: accompanied with or caused by irritation. [L. irritāre, -ātum, prob. freq. of irrīre, to snarl, as a dog.]

Irruption, ir-rup′shun, n. a breaking or bursting in: a sudden invasion or incursion.—adjs. Irrup′ted, broken through with violence; Irrup′tive, rushing suddenly in or upon.—adv. Irrup′tively. [Fr.,—L. irruption-em—in, in, rumpĕre, ruptum, to break.]

Irvingite, ėr′ving-īt, n. a popular name for a member of the so-called Catholic Apostolic Church.—n. Ir′vingism, the doctrine and practice of the Irvingites. [From Edward Irving (1792-1834).]

Is, iz, third pers. sing. pres. of be. [A.S. is; Ger. ist, L. est, Gr. esti, Sans. asti—as, to be.]

Isabel, Isabelle, iz′a-bel, n. a yellowish-gray or drab colour. [From Isabella, daughter of Philip II., wife of the Archduke Albert, who did not change her linen for three years till Ostend was taken.]

Isagogics, ī-sa-goj′iks, n. that part of theological science introductory to exegesis or interpretation of the Scriptures.—adj. Isagog′ic. [Gr. eisagōgē, an introduction—eis, into, agein, to lead.]

Isandrous, ī-san′drus, adj. (bot.) having the stamens similar and equal in number to the divisions of the corolla.

Isantherous, ī-san′ther-us, adj. (bot.) having the anthers equal.

Isanthous, ī-san′thus, adj. (bot.) having regular flowers.

Isapostolic, ī-sap-os-tol′ik, adj. equal to the apostles, as bishops of apostolic creation, the first preachers of Christ in a country, &c. [Gr. isos, equal, apostolikos, apostolic.]

Isatine, ī′sa-tin, n. a substance capable of being crystallised, obtained by oxidising indigo.—adj. Isat′ic.—n. I′sātis, a genus of Cruciferæ.—Isatis tinctoria, woad. [Gr. isatis, woad.]

Ischiadic, is-ki-ad′ik, adj. relating to the region of the hip—also Ischiat′ic and Is′chial.—ns. Ischiag′ra, gout in the hip; Ischial′gia, sciatica; Is′chium, the posterior part of the pelvic arch in vertebrates. [L.,—Gr., from is-chion, the hip-joint.]

Ischuria, is-kū′ri-a, n. a stoppage of urine.—adj. and n. Ischuret′ic. [Gr. ischein, to hold, ouron, urine.]

Isenergic, ī-se-nėr′jik, adj. in physics, denoting equal energy. [Gr. isos, equal, energy.]

Isengrim, ī′sen-grim, n. the name of the wolf in the famous beast-epic of Reynard the Fox.

Isentropic, ī-sen-trop′ik, adj. (phys.) of equal entropy. [Gr. isos, equal, entrope, a turning about—en, in, trepein, to turn.]

Ish, ish, n. (Scot.) issue, liberty of going out.

Ishmaelite, ish′mā-el-īt, n. a descendant of Ishmael: one like Ishmael (Gen. xvi. 12), at war with society.—adj. Ishmaelī′tish.

Isiac, ī-si-ak. See Isis.

Isidium, ī-sid′i-um, n. (bot.) a wart-like excrescence on the thalli of some lichens:—pl. Isid′ia.

Isidorian, is-i-dō′ri-an, adj. of or pertaining to St Isidore of Seville (c. 560-636), or the collection of canons and decretals adopted by him; but esp. applying to the interpolated collection, now called the Pseudo-Isidorian or False Decretals, possibly fabricated in Western Gaul, but published in Spain about 845 by Isidore Mercator, and naturally fathered upon the great Isidore of Seville.

Isinglass, ī′zing-glas, n. a glutinous substance, chiefly prepared from the air-bladders of the sturgeon. [A corr. of Dut. huizenblas—huizen, a kind of sturgeon, blas, a bladder; Ger. hausenblase.]

Isis, ī′sis, n. an Egyptian goddess, wife and sister of Osiris.—adj. I′siac.

Islam, iz′lam, Islamism, iz′lam-izm, n. the proper name of the Mohammedan religion: the whole Mohammedan world.—adjs. Islam′ic, Islamit′ic.—n. Is′lamite.—v.t. Islamīze′, to conform to Mohammedanism. [Ar. islām—salama, to submit to God.]

Island, ī′land, n. the smaller masses of land surrounded with water: a large floating mass.—v.t. to cause to appear like an island: to dot as with islands.—n. Islander (ī′land-ėr), an inhabitant of an island. [M. E. iland—A.S. ígland—íg, an island, and land, land; Dut. and Ger. eiland, Ice. eyland, Sw. and Dan. öland. A.S. íg is from a root which appears in Angles-ea, Aldern-ey, &c., A.S. eá, L. aqua, water, so that it originally means water-land. The s in island is due to a confusion with isle, from L. insula.]

Isle, īl, n. an island.—ns. Isles′man, an islander, esp. an inhabitant of the Hebrides; Islet (ī′let), a little isle. [M. E. ile, yle—O. Fr. isle (Fr. île)—L. insula, considered to be so called because lying in salo, in the main sea, L. salum being akin to Gr. salos, the main sea.]

Ism, izm, n. any distinctive doctrine, theory, or practice—usually in disparagement.—adjs. Ismat′ic, -al, addicted to isms or faddish theories.—n. Ismat′icalness. [From the suffix -ism.]

Ismailian, is-mā-il′i-an, n. one of a sect of Shiite Mohammedans, who claim that Ismail (c. 770) was the seventh and last of the Imâms.—n. Is′mailism.—adj. Ismailit′ic.

Isobar, ī′so-bär, n. an imaginary line connecting places on the earth where the mean height of the barometer at sea-level is the same.—adj. Isobaromet′ric, applied to lines denoting equal barometric pressure. [Gr. isos, equal, baros, weight.]

Isobathytherm, ī-so-bath′i-therm, n. a line connecting points of the same temperature in a vertical section of any portion of the ocean.—adjs. Isobathyther′mal, Isobathyther′mic. [Gr. isos, equal, bathys, deep, thermē, heat.]

Isobilateral, ī-so-bī-lat′e-ral, adj. (bot.) having the flanks of the organ flattened surfaces. [Gr. isos, equal, bilateral.]

Isobrious, ī-sob′ri-us, adj. growing equally in both lobes, of a dicotyledonous embryo.—Also Isodyn′amous. [Gr. isos, equal, brian, to be strong.]

Isobront, ī′so-bront, n. a line on a map connecting points at which a peal of thunder is heard simultaneously. [Gr. isos, equal, brontē, thunder.]

Isochasmic, ī-so-kaz′mik, adj. denoting equality as regards frequency of auroral displays. [Gr. isos, equal, chasma, a gap.]

Isocheimal, ī-so-kī′mal, adj. having the same mean winter temperature—also Isochei′menal.—n. I′socheim, an imaginary line connecting together those places where the mean winter temperature is the same. [Gr. isos, equal, cheima, winter.]

Isochoric, ī-so-kor′ik, adj. pertaining to equal volume or density. [Gr. isos, equal, chōra, space.]

Isochromatic, ī-so-krō-mat′ik, adj. (optics) having the same colour. [Gr. isos, equal, chrōma, colour.]

Isochronal, ī-sok′ron-al, adj. of equal time: performed in equal times—also Isoch′ronous.—n. Isoch′ronism, the quality of being isochronous or done in equal times.—adv. Isoch′ronously. [Gr. isochronos—isos, equal, chronos, time.]

Isochroous, ī-sok′rō-us, adj. of uniform colour.

Isoclinal, ī-so-klī′nal (or Isoclin′ic), Isodynam′ic, and Isogon′ic lines, three systems of lines which being laid on maps represent the magnetism of the globe as exhibited at the earth's surface in three classes of phenomena, the varying dip or inclination of the needle, the varying intensity of the force, and its varying declination from the true meridian. [Gr. isos, equal, dynamis, force, klinein, to bend, gōnia, an angle.]

Isocryme, ī′sō-krīm, n. a line on maps connecting points of the same mean winter temperature.—Also I′socrymal. [Gr. isos, equal, krymos, cold.]

Isodia, ī-sō′di-a, n.pl. the feast of the presentation of Jesus in the Temple. [Gr. eisodos, entrance.]

Isodiametric, ī-so-dī-a-met′rik, adj. being of equal diameters.

Isodicon, ī-sod′i-kon, n. (Gr. Church) a troparion or short anthem sung while the Gospel is being carried through the church. [Gr. eisodos, an entrance.]

Isodimorphous, ī-so-dī-mor′fus, adj. in crystallography, having the quality of isodimorphism or isomorphism between the members of two dimorphous groups.

Isodomon, ī-sod′ō-mon, n. masonry having courses of uniform thickness and length, the vertical joints placed over the middle of the courses below—also Isod′omum:—pl. Isod′oma.—adj. Isod′omous. [Gr. isos, equal, demein, to build.]

Isodont, ī′so-dont, adj. having the teeth all alike, as in the Isodontia—cetacea, &c. [Gr. isos, equal, odous, odontos, a tooth.]

Isoëtes, ī-sō′e-tēz, n. a widely distributed genus of vascular cryptogamous plants, the quillworts—Merlin's Grass, &c. [Gr. isos, equal, etos, a year.]

Isogamy, ī-sog′a-mi, n. (bot.) the conjugation of two protoplasmic masses not clearly differentiated into a male and female element.—adj. Isog′amous. [Gr. isos, equal, gamos, marriage.]

Isogeny, ī-soj′e-ni, n. likeness of origin, a general homology.—adj. Isog′enous. [Gr. isos, equal, genos, kind.]

Isogeothermal, ī-so-jē-o-thėr′mal, adj. of imaginary lines beneath the earth's surface through points having the same degree of heat. [Gr. isos, equal, gē, the earth, thermē, heat—thermos, hot.]

Isognathous, ī-sog′na-thus, adj. having the molar teeth alike in both jaws. [Gr. isos, equal, gnathos, the jaw.]

Isogon, ī′so-gon, n. a figure having equal angles. [Gr. isos, equal, gonia, an angle.]

Isogonic, ī-so-gon′ik, adj. exhibiting Isog′onism, or the production of like generative individuals from differing stocks, as in certain hydroids. [Gr. isos, equal, gonos, offspring.]

Isohyetal, ī-so-hī′e-tal, n. an imaginary line connecting places which have an equal annual rainfall. [Gr. isos, equal, hyetos, rain.]

Isolate, ī′so-lāt, or is′o-lāt, v.t. to place in a detached situation, like an island.—adj. Is′olable (chem.), capable of being separated from any other substance: capable of being obtained pure.—n. Isolā′tion. [It. isolare—isola—L. insula, an island.]

Isomerism, ī-som′er-izm, n. the relation between chemical compounds which are identical in their ultimate or percentage composition, but present difficulties in their chemical properties.—adjs. Isomer′ic, Isom′erous. [Gr. isos, equal, meros, part.]

Isometric, -al, ī-so-met′rik, -al, adj. having equality of measure. [Gr. isos, equal, metron, measure.]

Isomorphism, ī-so-morf′izm, n. a term applied by chemists to those substances which are not only similar in their crystalline form, but are also analogous in their chemical composition.—adj. Isomorph′ous. [Gr. isos, equal, morphē, form.]

Isonomy, ī-son′o-mi, n. equal law, rights, or privileges. [Gr. isonomia—isos, equal, nomos, law.]

Isonym, ī′so-nim, n. a paronym.—adj. Isonym′ic.—n. Ison′ymy.

Isopathy, ī-sop′a-thi, n. the cure of diseases by the same disease or by its virus. [Gr. isos, equal, pathos, disease.]

Isoperimetrical, ī-so-per-i-met′rik-al, adj. denoting figures having equal perimeters or circumferences.—n. Isoperim′etry. [Gr. isos, equal, perimetron, circumference.]

Isopod, ī′so-pod, n. a crustacean whose legs are all alike, any one of the Isop′oda, an order of higher Crustaceans in the division with unstalked eyes.—adjs. I′sopod, Isop′odous. [Gr. isos, equal, pous, podos, a foot.]

Isopolity, ī-so-pol′i-ti, n. equal rights of citizenship in different communities. [Gr. isos, equal, politēs, a citizen.]

Isopterous, ī-sop′te-rus, adj. having the wings equal. [Gr. isos, equal, pteron, a wing.]

Isorrhythmic, ī-sō-rith′mik, adj. in ancient prosody, equal in the number of times for thesis and arsis, as a dactyl and anapæst. [Gr. isos, equal, hrythmos, rhythm.]

Isosceles, ī-sos′e-lēz, adj. (geom.) having two equal sides, as a triangle. [Gr. isoskelēs—isos, equal, skelos, a leg.]

Isoseismal, ī-sō-sīs′mal, n. a curve or line connecting points at which an earthquake shock is felt with equal intensity.—adjs. Isoseis′mal, Isoseis′mic. [Gr. isos, equal, seismos, a shaking.]

Isostatic, ī-so-stat′ik, adj. in hydrostatic equilibrium from equality of pressure. [Gr. isos, equal, statikos, stable.]

Isotheral, ī′so-thēr-al, adj. having the same mean summer temperature.—n. I′sothēre, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean summer temperature. [Gr. isos, equal, theros, summer—therein, to be warm.]

Isothermal, ī-so-thėr′mal, adj. having an equal degree of heat.—n. I′sotherm, an imaginary line connecting places on the earth which have the same mean annual temperature. [Fr. isotherme—Gr. isos, equal, thermē, heat—thermos, hot.]

Isotonic, ī-so-ton′ik, adj. having equal tones. [Gr. isos, equal, tonos, tone.]

Isotropism, ī-sot′rop-izm, n. physical homogeneity or amorphism: identity of elastic forces of propagation of vibration (light, heat, sound), or identity of susceptibility to magnetisation, in all directions.—adjs. Isotrop′ic, Isot′ropous.

I-spy, ī′-spī′, n. a children's game of hide-and-seek, so called from the cry when one is found.

Israelite, iz′ra-el-īt, n. a descendant of Israel or Jacob: a Jew.—adjs. Israelit′ic, Israelīt′ish, pertaining to the Israelites or Jews. [Gr. Israēlitēs—Israēl, Heb. Israēl, contender, soldier of God—sara, to fight, El, God.]

Issue, ish′ū, v.i. to go, flow, or come out: to proceed, as from a source: to spring: to be produced: (law) to come to a point in fact or law: to terminate.—v.t. to send out: to put into circulation: to give out for use.—n. a going or flowing out: act of sending out: that which flows or passes out: fruit of the body, children: produce, profits: circulation, as of bank-notes: publication, as of a book: a giving out for use: ultimate result, consequence: (law) the point of fact in dispute which is submitted to a jury: (med.) an ulcer produced artificially.—adj. Iss′uable, capable of issuing, admitting of an issue.—n. Iss′uance, act of giving out, promulgation.—adjs. Iss′uant (her.), issuing or coming up from another, as a charge or bearing; Iss′ueless, without issue: childless.—n. Iss′uer, one who issues or emits.—At issue, in quarrel or controversy; Feigned issue (law), an issue made up for trial by agreement of the parties or by an order of court, instead of by the ordinary legal procedure; General issue, a simple denial of the whole charge, as 'Not guilty,' instead of a Special issue, an issue taken by denying a particular part of the allegations; Immaterial issue, an issue which is not decisive of any part of the litigation, as opp. to a Material issue, one which necessarily involves some part of the rights in controversy.—Join, or Take, issue, of the two parties taking up the affirmative and the negative on the point in debate. [O. Fr. issuë, issir, to go or flow out—L. exīre—ex, out, īre, to go.]

Isthmus, ist′mus, n. a narrow neck of land connecting two larger portions.—adj. Isth′mian, pertaining to an isthmus, esp. the Isthmus of Corinth.—The Isthmian games were celebrated in the Isthmian sanctuary on the north-east shore of the isthmus. [L.,—Gr. isthmos, a passage, an isthmus, allied to ithma, a step, from root of ienai, to go.]

Istle, is′tl, n. a valuable fibre obtained from a tropical American plant, also from several Mexican species of Agave.—Also Ix′tle.

It, it, pron. the thing spoken of. [M. E. and A.S. hit, neut. of he; Ice. hit, Dut. het, Goth. ita; akin to L. id, Sans. i, pronominal root=here. The t is an old neuter suffix, as in tha-t, wha-t, and cognate with d in L. illu-d, istu-d, quo-d.]

Itacism, Itacist. See Iota.

Itacolumite, it-a-kol′ūm-īt, n. a schistose quartzite, containing scales of mica, talc, and chlorite, often having a certain flexibility.

Italian, i-tal′yan, Italic, i-tal′ik, adj. of or relating to Italy or its people.—n. a native of Italy: the language of Italy.—vs.t. Ital′ianate, Ital′ianise, to make Italian.—vs.i. to play the Italian: to speak Italian.—n. Ital′ianism.—Italian architecture, the style practised by the Italian architects of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, which originated in a revival of the ancient architecture of Rome; Italian warehouseman, a dealer in the finer kinds of groceries, as macaroni, vermicelli, dried fruits, &c.—Italic version, or It′ala, a translation of the Bible into Latin, based on a still older version, called Old Latin, and made probably in the time of Augustine. [It. Italiano, Italico—L. Italia—Gr. italos, a bull.]

Italics, i-tal′iks, n.pl. a kind of types which slope to the right (as in the last four words), so called because first used by an Italian printer, Aldo Manuzio, about 1500, employed for emphasis and other distinctive purposes.—n. Italicisā′tion.—v.t. Ital′icīse, to print in Italics.

Itch, ich, n. an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: an eruptive disease in the skin, caused by a parasitic animal: a constant teasing desire.—v.i. to have an uneasy, irritating sensation in the skin: to have a constant, teasing desire.—ns. Itch′iness; Itch′-mite, a mite which burrows in the skin, causing itch or scabies.—adj. Itch′y, pertaining to or affected with itch.—Itching palm, a greed for gain. [A.S. giccan, to itch; Scot. youk, yuck, Ger. jucken, to itch.]

Item, ī′tem, adv. likewise: also.—n. a separate article or particular.—v.t. to make a note of.—v.t. I′temise, to give by items. [L.,—id, that.]

Iterate, it′ėr-āt, v.t. to do again: to repeat, in modern usage replaced by the verb reiterate.—ns. It′erance, Iterā′tion, repetition.—adjs. It′erant, It′erātive, repeating. [L. iterāre, -ātum—iterum, again.]

Ithyphallic, ith-i-fal′ik, adj. pertaining to certain rites: obscene.—n. Ithyphall′us, an erect phallus.

Itinerant, ī-tin′er-ant, adj. making journeys from place to place: travelling.—n. one who travels from place to place, esp. a Methodist preacher: a wanderer.—ns. Itin′eracy, Itin′erancy.—adv. Itin′erantly.—adj. Itin′erary, travelling: done on a journey.—n. a book of travels: a guide-book for travellers: a rough sketch and description of the country through which troops are to march.—v.i. Itin′erāte, to travel from place to place, esp. for the purpose of preaching or lecturing. [L. itinerans, -antis, part. of itinerāri-, -atus, to travel—L. iter, itineris, a journey—īre, ītum, to go.]

Its, its, poss. pron. the possessive of it. [The old form was his, its not being older than the end of the 16th century. Its does not occur in the English Bible of 1611, or in Spenser, rarely in Shakespeare, and is not common until the time of Dryden.]

Itself, it-self′, pron. the neuter reciprocal pronoun, applied to things.—By itself, alone, apart; In and by itself, separately considered.

Ittnerite, it′nėr-īt, n. a dark blue or gray mineral, consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, potash, and soda.

Ivory, ī′vo-ri, n. the hard, white substance composing the tusks of the elephant and of the sea-horse.—adj. made of, or resembling, ivory.—adj. I′voried, made like ivory: furnished with teeth.—ns. I′vory-black, a black powder, originally made from burnt ivory, but now from bone; I′vory-nut, the nut of a species of palm, containing a substance like ivory; I′vory-palm, the tree which bears the ivory-nut; I′vory-por′celain, a fine ware with an ivory-white glaze.—Show one's ivories, to show the teeth. [O. Fr. ivurie (Fr. ivoire)—L. ebur, eboris, ivory; Coptic ebu; Sans. ibhas, an elephant.]

Ivy, ī′vi, n. a creeping evergreen plant on trees and walls.—adjs. I′vied, I′vyed, I′vy-man′tled, overgrown or mantled with ivy.—n. I′vy-bush, a plant of ivy formerly hung over tavern-doors, the ivy being sacred to Bacchus. [A.S. ifig; Old High Ger. ebah; prob. conn. with L. apium, parsley.]

Iwis, Ywis, i-wis′, adv. certainly—sometimes ignorantly written I wis, as if 'I know.' [M. E. ywis, iwis—A.S. gewis, certain; Ger. gewiss (adv.).]

Ixion, ik-sī′on, n. (Gr. myth.) a king of the Lapithæ, bound, for an impious attempt on Hera, hand and foot to a fiery wheel which rolled for ever in the sky.

Ixolite, iks′o-līt, n. a fossil resin, found in bituminous coal, which becomes soft and sticky when heated. [Gr. ixos, birdlime, lithos, a stone.]

Ixtle. See Istle.

the tenth letter in our alphabet, developed from I, the initial form j being specialised to denote the consonantal sound, the medial i being retained for the vowel-sound—not universal in English books before the middle of the 17th century. As a numeral, a variant of I, used in medical prescriptions, as vj, six: representing the mechanical equivalent of heat—from Joule.

Jabber, jab′ėr, v.i. to gabble or talk rapidly and indistinctly: to chatter.—v.t. to utter indistinctly:—pr.p. jabb′ering; pa.p. jabb′ered.—n. rapid indistinct speaking.—n. Jabb′erer.—adv. Jabb′eringly. [From root of gabble.]

Jabble, jab′l, n. (Scot.) an agitation on the surface of water.—v.t. to splash. [Cf. jaup.]

Jabiru, jab′i-rū, n. a kind of large stork. [Brazilian.]

Jaborandi, jab′o-ran′di, n. a Brazilian shrub with sialogogue and diaphoretic properties. [Brazilian.]

Jabot, zha-bō′, n. a frill of lace, &c., worn by women on the bodice.

Jacamar, jak′a-mar, n. a South American bird something like a kingfisher. [Fr.,—Brazilian.]

Jacana, ja-kā′na, n. a tropical bird, allied to the rails, and frequenting swamps. [Brazilian.]

Jacaranda, jak-a-ran′da, n. a South American tree with hard, heavy, brown wood. [Brazilian.]

Jacchus, jak′us, n. a South American marmoset.

Jacent, jā′sent, adj. lying at length.

Jacinth, jā′sinth, n. (B.) a precious stone, a red variety of zircon, now called hyacinth: a reddish-orange colour. [Contr. of hyacinth.]

Jack, jak, n. used as a familiar name or diminutive of John: a saucy or paltry fellow: a sailor: any instrument serving to supply the place of a boy or helper, as a bootjack for taking off boots, a contrivance for turning a spit (smoke-jack, roasting-jack), a screw for raising heavy weights, a figure which strikes the bell in clocks: the male of some animals: a young pike: a support to saw wood on: a miner's wedge: a flag displayed from the bowsprit of a ship: a leather pitcher or bottle: a coat of mail: (coll.) a knave in cards: the small white ball that forms the aim in bowls.—ns. Jack′-a-dan′dy, a dandy or fop, esp. if diminutive; Jack′-a-Lan′tern, the ignis fatuus or Will-o'-the-Wisp; Jack′-a-Lent′ (Shak.), a boy (for Jack of Lent, a kind of puppet formerly thrown at in sport at Lent); Jack′-block, a block of pulleys used for raising and lowering topgallant-masts.—n.pl. Jack′boots, large boots reaching above the knee, to protect the leg, formerly worn by cavalry, and covered with plates of iron.—ns. Jack′-cross′-tree, the cross-tree at the head of a topgallant-mast; Jack′-flag, a flag which is hoisted at the spritsail topmast-head; Jack′-fool, an absolute ass; Jack′-in-off′ice, a conceited and impertinent official; Jack′-in-the-box′, a box with a figure in it that springs up when the lid is lifted; Jack′-in-the-green′, a May-day chimney-sweep almost covered up with green shrubs; Jack′-knife, a large clasp-knife; Jack′-man, a soldier armed with a jack or coat of mail: a retainer; Jack′-nas′ty, a sneak, a sloven; Jack′-of-all′-trades, one who can turn his hand to anything; Jack′-plane, a large, strong plane used by joiners; Jack′-pudd′ing, a merry-andrew, buffoon; Jack′-rabb′it, one of several species of prairie-hares, with very long ears and legs; Jack′-raft′er, a rafter, shorter than the rest, used in hip-roofs; Jack′-sauce (Shak.), a saucy fellow; Jack′-screw, a screw for raising heavy weights; Jack′-slave (Shak.), a low servant, a vulgar fellow; Jack′-smith, a smith who makes jacks for the kitchen; Jack′-snipe, a small species of snipe; Jack′-staff, the staff on which the jack is hoisted.—n.pl. Jack′-stays, ropes or strips of wood or iron stretched along the yards of a ship to bind the sails to.—ns. Jack′-straw, a straw effigy, a low servile fellow; Jack′-tar, a sailor; Jack′-towel, a long endless towel passing over a roller.—Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous fellow; Jack Ketch, a public hangman—from one so named under James II.; Jack Sprat, a diminutive fellow.—Cheap Jack (see Cheap); Every man Jack, one and all; Yellow Jack (slang), yellow fever. [Fr. Jacques, the most common name in France, hence used as a substitute for John, the most common name in England; but it is really=James or Jacob—L. Jacobus.]

Jack, Jak, jak, n. a tree of the East Indies of the same genus as the bread-fruit tree. [Port. jaka—Malay tsjaka.]

Jackal, jak′awl, n. a wild, gregarious animal closely allied to the dog—erroneously supposed to act as a lion's provider or hunting scout, hence a tool, a Parasite. [Pers. shaghāl.]

Jackanapes, jak′a-nāps, n. an impudent fellow: a coxcomb. [Jack o' apes, one who exhibited monkeys, with n inserted to avoid the hiatus.]

Jackass, jak′as, n. the male of the ass: a blockhead. [Jack—the male, and ass.]

Jackdaw, jak′daw, n. a species of crow. [Jack and daw.]

Jacket, jak′et, n. a short coat.—adj. Jack′eted, wearing a jacket. [O. Fr. jaquette, a jacket, or sleeveless coat, a dim. of O. Fr. jaque, a coat of mail, prob. ultimately conn. with Jacques.]

Jacobean, jak-o-bē′an, adj. of the period of James I. of England (1603-25).

Jacobin, jak′o-bin, n. a French Dominican monk, so named from their original establishment being that of St Jacques, Paris: one of a society of revolutionists in France, so called from their meeting in the hall of the Jacobin convent: a demagogue: a hooded pigeon.—adjs. Jacobin′ic, -al.—v.t. Jac′obinise.—n. Jac′obinism, the principles of the Jacobins or French revolutionists. [Fr.,—L. Jacobus, James—Gr. Jacobos—Heb. Ya‛aqōb.]

Jacobite, jak′o-bīt, n. an adherent of James II. and his descendants: in Church history, a Syrian monophysite, named after the 6th-century monk, Jacobus Baradæus.—adjs. Jac′obite, Jacobit′ic, -al.—n. Jac′obitism.

Jacob's-ladder, jā′kobz-lad′ėr, n. (naut.) a ladder made of ropes with wooden steps: a garden plant with large blue flowers. [From the ladder which Jacob saw in his dream, Gen. xxviii. 12.]

Jacob's-Staff, jā′kobz-staf, n. a pilgrim's staff: a staff with a cross-head used in surveying: a sword-cane. [Prob. an allusion to the staff of the patriarch Jacob, Gen. xxxii. 10.]

Jacobus, ja-kō′bus, n. a gold coin of James I. worth 20s.

Jaconet, jak′o-net, n. a cotton fabric, rather stouter than muslin. [Fr. jaconas.]

Jacquard loom. See Loom.

Jacqueminot, jak′mi-nō, n. a deep-red hybrid perpetual rose.—Also Jacque and Jack. [From General Jacqueminot of Paris.]

Jacquerie, zhak′e-rē, n. name given to the revolt of the French peasants in 1358. [From Jacques Bonhomme, Goodman Jack, a name applied in derision to the peasants.]

Jactation, jak-tā′shun, n. act of throwing: extreme restlessness in disease: agitation of the body: boasting.

Jactitation (of marriage), jak-ti-tā′shun, n. a false pretence of being married to another. [L. jactitāre, -ātum, to brag, freq. of jactāre, to throw.]

Jaculation, jak-ū-lā′shun, n. the act of throwing or hurling, as a dart.—v.t. Jac′ulate, to dart, throw.—n. Jac′ulātor.—adj. Jac′ulātory, darting or throwing out suddenly: ejaculatory. [L. jaculāri, -ātus, to throw as a dart—jaculum, a dart—jacĕre, to throw.]

Jade, jād, n. a mare, esp. an old and sorry one: a worthless nag: a woman—in contempt or irony.—v.t. to tire: to harass:—pr.p. jad′ing; pa.p. jad′ed.—adv. Jad′edly.—n. Jad′ery, the tricks of a jade.—adj. Jad′ish, worn out: vicious: unchaste—applied to a woman. [Scot. yad, yaud; Ice. jalda, a mare.]

Jade, jād, n. a dark-green stone used for ornamental purposes—applied both to jadeite and nephrite. [Fr.,—Sp. ijada, the flank—L. ilia. It was believed to cure pain of the side.]

Jag, jag, n. a notch: a ragged protuberance: (bot.) a cleft or division: (Scot.) a stab.—v.t. to cut into notches: to stab or pierce:—pr.p. jag′ging; pa.p. jagged.—adjs. Jag′ged, Jag′gy, notched, rough-edged, uneven.—adv. Jag′gedly.—ns. Jag′gedness; Jag′ger, a brass wheel with a notched edge for cutting cakes, &c., into ornamental forms—also Jag′ging-ī′ron. [Celt.; W., Gael., Ir. gag, a cleft.]

Jag, jag, n. a load: a saddle-bag: a quantity: (U.S.) as much liquor as one can carry.—n. Jag′ger, a peddler.

Jaggery, jag′ėr-i, n. a kind of coarse, dark-coloured sugar made in the East Indies from the sap of the coco-nut palm. [Hind. shakkar, Sans. çarkara.]

Jaghir, Jaghire, ja-gēr′, n. the government revenues of a tract of land assigned with power to administer.—n. Jaghir′dar, the holder of such. [Hind.]

Jaguar, jag′ū-är, or jag-wär′, n. a powerful beast of prey, allied to the leopard, found in South America. [Brazilian, jaguara.]

Jah, jä, n. Jehovah. [Heb.]

Jail, jāl, n. a prison.—ns. Jail′-bird, Gaol′-bird, a humorous name for one who is or has been confined in jail; Jail′er, Gaol′er, one who has charge of a jail or of prisoners, called also a turnkey; Jail′-fē′ver, Gaol′-fē′ver, typhus fever, so called because once common in jails.—Break jail, to force one's way out of prison; Commission of Jail Delivery, one of the commissions issued to judges of assize and judges of the Central Criminal Court in England. [O. Fr. gaole (Fr. geôle)—Low L. gabiola, a cage, dim. of Low L. gabia, a cage, a corr. of cavea, a cage—L. cavus, hollow.]

Jain, jān, n. an adherent of Jain′ism, or a member of a heterodox Hindu sect, allied to ancient Buddhism: a style of architecture developed about 450 A.D., with pseudo-arch and dome, built in horizontal courses and of pointed section. [Hind. jina, a deified saint.]

Jakes, jāks, n. (Shak.) a privy.—Also Mrs Jones.

Jalap, jal′ap, n. the purgative root of a plant first brought from Jalapa or Xalapa, in Mexico.—adj. Jalap′ic—n. Jal′apin, a glucoside resin, one of the purgative principles of jalap.

Jalouse, jal-ōōz′, v.i. (Scot.) to suspect. See Jealous.

Jalousie, zhal-oo-zē′, n. a Venetian blind. [Fr.,—jalousie, jealousy.]

Jam, jam, n. a conserve of fruit boiled with sugar. [Ety. dub.; perh. from jam, to squeeze.]

Jam, jam, v.t. to press or squeeze tight:—pr.p. jam′ming; pa.p. jammed.—n. a crush, squeeze. [Cf. champ.]

Jamaica-pepper, ja-mā′ka-pep′ėr, n. Allspice (q.v.).

Jamb, jam, n. the sidepiece or post of a door, fireplace, &c. [Fr. jambe, perh. Celt. cam, bent.]

Jambe, jäm, n. armour for the leg.—ns.pl. Jam′beaus, leggings; Jambieres′, leg-pieces of leather, &c. [Fr. jambe, leg.]

Jambee, jam-bē′, n. an 18th-century light cane.

Jambok, jam′bok, n. a long lash made of hippopotamus hide, &c. [S. Afr.]

Jambone, jam′bōn, n. a lone hand in euchre, played only by agreement, in which the player lays his cards on the table and must lead one chosen by his opponent, scoring 8 points if he takes all the tricks.

Jamboree, jam-bō-rē, n. in euchre, a lone hand of the 5 highest cards, by agreement scoring 16 points for the holder: (slang) a boisterous frolic, a spree.

Jambu, jam′bōō, n. the rose-apple tree.

Jambul, jam′bul, n. a small Indian evergreen tree.

Jamdani, jam-dä′ni, n. a variety of Dacca muslin woven in designs of flowers.

Jamewar, jam′e-war, n. a Cashmere shawl with coloured patterns: the goat's-hair cloth of Cashmere.

Jampan, jam′pan, n. a sedan-chair borne on bamboo poles by four bearers.—n. Jampanee′, its bearer.

Jamrach, jam′rak, n. a place where wild animals are kept for sale—from a London dealer's name.

Jane, jān, n. (Spens.) a small silver Genoese coin: jean. [Low L. Janua, L. Genua, Genoa.]

Jangle, jang′l, v.i. to sound discordantly as in wrangling: to wrangle or quarrel.—v.t. to cause to sound harshly.—n. discordant sound: contention.—ns. Jang′ler; Jang′ling. [O. Fr. jangler; imit., like jingle and chink.]

Janitor, jan′i-tor, n. a doorkeeper: a porter:—fem. Jan′itrix. [L., from janua, a door.]

Janizary, jan′i-zar-i, n. a soldier of the old Turkish foot-guards (c. 1330-1826), formed originally of renegade prisoners and of a tribute of children taken from Christian subjects—also Jan′issary, Jan′izar.—adj. Janizā′rian. [Fr. Janissaire—Turk, yeñi, new, ‛asker, army.]

Janker, jang′ker, n. (Scot.) a long pole on two wheels used for transporting logs.

Jann, jan, n. one of the lowest of the five orders of Mohammedan genii.

Jannock, jan′ok, adj. (prov.) straightforward.

Jannock, jan′ok, n. oaten bread, a cake.

Jansenism, jan′sen-izm, n. a system of evangelical doctrine deduced from Augustine by Cornelius Jansen (1585-1638), Roman Catholic Bishop of Ypres, essentially a reaction against the ordinary Catholic dogma of the freedom of the will and that of merely sufficient grace, maintaining that interior grace is irresistible, and that Christ died for all.—n. Jan′senist, a believer in Jansenism.

Jantily, Jantiness, Janty. See Jaunty, &c.

January, jan′ū-ar-i, n. the first month of the year, dedicated by the Romans to Jan′us, the god of opening, with a double head that looked both ways.—adjs. Jan′uform, two-faced; Jan′us-faced, double-dealing: deceitful. [L. Januarius—Junus.]

Jap, jap, n. and adj. (coll.) for Japanese′, of or belonging to Japan: the language of Japan: a native of Japan.

Japan, ja-pan′, v.t. to varnish after the manner of the Japanese′, or people of Japan: to make black and glossy:—pr.p. japan′ning; pa.p. japanned′.—n. work japanned: the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.—ns. Japan′-earth, or Terra japonica, gambier; Japan′ner.—Japan lacquer, or Black japan, a hard jet-black lacquer, for sheet-metal, made of asphaltum, linseed-oil, and varnish; Japanned leather, same as patent leather (see Patent).

Jape, jāp, v.i. to jest, joke.—v.t. to mock.—n. a jest, joke, trick. [O. Fr. japer.]

Japhetic, ja-fet′ik, adj. a term formerly applied in ethnology to European peoples, the supposed descendants of Japhet, as opposed to Hamitic and Semitic.

Japonica, jap-on′i-ka, n. an abbreviation for Pyrus japonica, the Japanese quince.

Jar, jär, v.i. to make a harsh discordant sound: to dash: to quarrel: to be inconsistent.—v.t. to shake:—pr.p. jar′ring; pa.p. jarred.—n. a harsh rattling sound: clash of interests or opinions: discord.—adv. Jar′ringly. [Imit.; cf. jargon.]

Jar, jär, n. an earthen or glass bottle with a wide mouth: a measure. [O. Fr. jare—Pers. jarrah.]

Jar, jär, n. a turn, used only in the phrase, 'on the jar,' ajar. [See Ajar.]

Jardinière, zhar-dē-nyār′, n. a vessel for the display of flowers, growing or cut: a lappet forming part of an old head-dress. [Fr., 'a flower-stand,' jardinier, a gardener.]

Jargon, jär′gon, n. confused talk: slang.—n. Jar′gonist, one who uses jargon. [Fr. jargon, prob. conn. with L. garrīre, to prattle.]

Jargon, jär′gon, n. a variety of zircon found in Ceylon, transparent, colourless.—Also Jar′goon.

Jargonelle, jär-go-nel′, n. a kind of pear. [Fr.]

Jarkman, järk′man, n. (slang) a swindling beggar, a begging-letter writer.

Jarl, järl, n. a noble, chief, earl. [Scand.]

Jarool, ja-rōōl′, n. the Indian bloodwood.

Jarrah, jar′a, n. the mahogany gum-tree of Australia.

Jarvey, jär′vi, n. (slang) a hackney-coach driver.

Jasey, jā′zi, n. a kind of wig, originally made of worsted. [Corr. of Jersey.]

Jasher, jäsh′ėr, n. one of the lost books of the ancient Hebrews, quoted twice (Josh. x. 13; 2 Sam. i. 18), most probably a collection of heroic ballads.

Jasmine, jas′min, Jessamine, jes′a-min, n. a genus of plants, many species of which have very fragrant flowers. [Fr. jasmin—Ar.,—Pers. yāsmīn.]

Jasper, jas′pėr, n. a precious stone, being a hard siliceous mineral of various colours.—adjs. Jas′pé, having the surface ornamented with veins; Jas′perated, mixed with jasper; Jas′pery, like jasper; Jaspid′ean, Jaspid′eous, Jas′poid. [Fr. jaspe—L. and Gr. iaspis—Ar. yasb.]

Jataka, jä′ta-kä, n. a nativity, the birth-story of Buddha. [Sans.,—jāta, born.]

Jaunce, jäns, v.i. (Shak.) to jolt or shake: to ride hard.—n. a jaunt. [O. Fr. jancer, to stir.]

Jaunder, jän′der, v.i. (Scot.) to talk idly.—n. gossip.

Jaundice, jän′dis, n. a disease, characterised by a yellowness of the eyes, skin, &c., caused by bile.—adj. Jaun′diced, affected with jaundice: prejudiced. [Fr. jaunisse, from jaune, yellow—L. galbinus, yellowish, galbus, yellow.]

Jaunt, jänt, v.i. to go from place to place: to make an excursion.—n. an excursion: a ramble.—adj. Jaunt′ing, strolling: making an excursion.—n. Jaunt′ing-car, a low-set, two-wheeled, open vehicle used in Ireland, with side-seats back to back. [O. Fr. jancer, to stir (a horse); but more prob. Scand.]

Jaunty, Janty, jänt′i, adj. airy: showy: finical.—adv. Jaunt′ily.—n. Jaunt′iness. [Fr. gentil.]

Jaup, jäp, v.t. (Scot.) to spatter.—v.i. to make a sound like water shaken in a vessel.—n. water or mud splashed up.

Javel, jav′el, n. (Spens.) a worthless fellow.

Javelin, jav′lin, n. a spear meant to be hurled, anciently used by both infantry and cavalry. [O. Fr. javelin; prob. Celt.]

Jaw, jaw, n. the bones of the mouth in which the teeth are set: the mouth: anything like a jaw: (slang) talkativeness, scolding.—v.i. (slang) to scold.—ns. Jaw′bone, the bone of the jaw, in which the teeth are set; Jaw′-break′er (slang), a word hard to pronounce.—adj. Jawed, having jaws: denoting the appearance of the jaws, as lantern-jawed.—n. Jaw′fall, a falling of the jaw: (fig.) depression of spirits.—adj. Jaw′-fall′en, depressed in spirits: dejected.—ns. Jaw′-foot, a foot-jaw, maxilliped; Jaw′-lē′ver, an instrument for opening the mouth of a horse or cow to admit medicine; Jaw′-tooth, one of the double teeth, a grinder or molar.—Break-jaw word, a very long word, or one hard to pronounce; Hold one's jaw, to cease from talking or scolding. [Old spelling chaw, akin to chew.]

Jaw, jaw, v.t. (Scot.) to pour out, throw out: splash.—ns. Jaw′-box, Jaw′-hole, a sink.

Jay, jā, n. a bird of the crow family with gay plumage: a wanton woman: an indifferent actor, a stupid chattering fellow. [O. Fr. jay (mod. Fr. geai); from root of gay.]

Jazerant. See Jesserant.

Jealous, jel′us, adj. suspicious of or incensed at rivalry: anxious to defend the honour of.—adv. Jeal′ously.—ns. Jeal′ousy, Jeal′oushood (Shak.), Jeal′ousness. [O. Fr. jalous (mod. Fr. jaloux)—L. zelus—Gr. zēlos, emulation.]

Jeames, jēmz, n. a flunkey. [From Thackeray's 'Jeames de la Pluche.']

Jean, jān, n. a twilled cotton cloth.—n. Jeanette′, coarse jean, for lining.—Satin jean, a smooth, glossy, hard-twilled cotton goods. [Jane.]

Jebusite, jeb′ū-zīt, n. one of a Canaanitish race who long defied the Israelites from their stronghold on Mount Zion.—adj. Jebusit′ic.

Jeddart, jed′dart, n. an old name for Jedburgh.—Jeddart axe, a stout steel-headed pole, four feet long; Jeddart, or Jedwood, justice, hanging first and trying afterwards.

Jedge, jej, n. (Scot.) a gauge or standard.

Jeer, jēr, v.t. to make sport of: to treat with derision.—v.i. to scoff: to deride: to make a mock of.—n. a railing remark: biting jest: mockery.—n. Jeer′er, a scoffer or mocker.—adv. Jeer′ingly. [Acc. to Skeat, from the Dut. phrase den gek scheeren, lit. 'to shear the fool,' to mock, the words gek scheeren (now scheren) being corr. into jeer.]

Jeff, jef, v.i. to gamble with printers' quadrats thrown like dice.

Jeff, jef, n. a rope, in circus slang.

Jeffersonite, jef′er-son-īt, n. a greenish-black variety of pyroxene. [Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826.]

Jehoiada-box, jē-hoi′a-da-boks, n. a child's savings-bank—from 2 Chron. xxiv. 6-11.

Jehovah, je-hō′va, n. the eternal or self-existent Being, the chief Hebrew name of the Deity.—n. Jehō′vist, one who holds that the vowel-points annexed to the word Jehovah in Hebrew are the proper vowels of the word, some maintaining that they are those of the word Adonai or of Elohim: the supposed writer of the passages in the Pentateuch, in which the name applied to God is Jehovah.—adj. Jehovist′ic. [Heb. Yahōwāh, hardly from hāwāh, to be.]

Jehu, jē′hū, n. (coll.) a driver, esp. a furious whip. [A reference to 2 Kings, ix. 20.]

Jejune, je-jōōn′, adj. empty: void of interest: barren.—adv. Jejune′ly.—ns. Jejune′ness; Jeju′num, the second division of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. [L. jejunus, hungry.]

Jelly, jel′i, n. anything gelatinous: the juice of fruit boiled with sugar.—v.i. Jell, to jelly.—adj. Jell′ied, in the state of jelly.—v.t. Jell′ify, to make into a jelly.—v.i. to become gelatinous.—ns. Jell′y-bag, a bag through which jelly is strained; Jell′y-fish, marine radiate animals like jelly. [Fr. gelée, from geler—L. gelāre, to freeze.]

Jellyby, jel′i-bi, n. a philanthropist who cares only for distant people—from Mrs Jellyby in Bleak House, who busies herself about Borrioboola Gha, while her own household is going to ruin.

Jemidar, jem′i-där, n. a native officer in the Indian army of the rank of lieutenant: an officer of police, customs, &c.—Also Jam′adar. [Hind.]

Jemmy, jem′i, n. a burglar's short crowbar: (slang) a baked sheep's head: a greatcoat.

Jemmy, jem′i, adj. neat, smart, handy—also Gemm′y.—n. Jemm′iness, neatness.

Jenkins, jengk′ins, n. (coll.) a society reporter, toady.

Jennet, jen′et, n. a small Spanish horse.—Also Genn′et, Gen′et. [O. Fr. genette—Sp. ginete; Moorish.]

Jenneting, jen′et-ing, n. a kind of early apple. [Prob. apple of St Jean or John; not from June-eating.]

Jenny, jen′i, n. a female bird, a wren—usually Jenn′y-wren: a female ass: a spinning-jenny. [From the name Jenny; prob. the last sense from gin.]

Jeofail, jef′āl, n. an error in pleadings, or the acknowledgment of a mistake. [O. Fr. je faille, I fail.]

Jeopardy, jep′ard-i, n. hazard, danger.—vs.t. Jeop′ard, Jeop′ardise, to put in jeopardy.—n. Jeop′arder.—adj. Jeop′ardous, exposed to danger or loss.—adv. Jeop′ardously. [Fr. jeu parti, a divided game—Low L. jocus partitus—L. jocus, a game, partitus, divided—partīri, to divide.]

Jerboa, jėr-bō′a, n. a genus of small rodent quadrupeds, remarkable for the length of their hind-legs and their power of jumping. [Ar. yarbū‛.]

Jereed, je-rēd′, n. a kind of blunt javelin used by the Turks in mock-fights. [Ar. jarīd.]

Jeremiad, jer-e-mī′ad, n. a lamentation: a tale of grief: a doleful story. [From Jeremiah the prophet, author of the book of Lamentations.]

Jerfalcon. Same as Gyrfalcon.

Jericho, jer′i-kō, n. a remote place, to which one is humorously consigned—from Jericho in Palestine and the story in 2 Sam. x. 4, 5.

Jerk, jėrk, v.t. to throw with a quick effort: to give a sudden movement.—n. a short, sudden movement: a striking against with a sudden motion: an involuntary spasmodic contraction of a muscle.—ns. Jerk′er; Jerk′iness.—adj. Jerk′y, moving or coming by jerks or starts, spasmodic; capricious, impatient. [A variant of jert and gird, and conn. with yard, a rod.]

Jerk, jėrk, v.t. to search, as a vessel for concealed or smuggled goods—also Jerque.—ns. Jerk′er, Jerqu′er; Jerqu′ing.

Jerk, jėrk, n. meat cut into thin pieces and dried in the sun.—Also Jerk′y. [Chilian charqui.]

Jerkin, jėr′kin, n. a young salmon.—Also Gin′kin.

Jerkin, jėr′kin, n. a jacket, a short coat or close waistcoat.—n. Jer′kin-head (archit.) the combination of a truncated gable with a hipped roof. [Dut., dim. of jurk, a frock.]

Jerkinet, jėr′ki-net, n. a woman's outer jacket.

Jeroboam, jer-o-bō′am, n. a large metal bowl: eight bottles. [Allusion to 1 Kings, xi. 28.]

Jerquer, Jerquing. See Jerk (2).

Jerry-builder, jer′i-bild′ėr, n. one who builds flimsy houses cheaply and hastily, a speculative builder.—n. Jerr′y-build′ing.—adj. Jerr′y-built.—n. Jerr′y-shop, a low dram-shop. [Prob. the personal name.]

Jersey, jėr′zi, n. the finest part of wool: combed wool: a close-fitting woollen shirt, or kind of under-vest, worn in rowing, &c. [From the island Jersey.]

Jerusalem artichoke, pony. See Artichoke, Pony.

Jess, jes, n. a short strap round the legs of a hawk.—adj. Jessed, having jesses on. [O. Fr. ject—L. jactāre, to fling, freq. of jacĕre, to throw.]

Jessamine, jes′a-min. See Jasmine.

Jessamy, jes′sa-mi, n. jasmine: a dandy.

Jessant, jes′ant, adj. (her.) rising from the bottom line of a field or an upper line of an ordinary. [Perhaps a corr. of issuant. Cf. issue.]

Jesse, jes′i, n. a large branched candlestick used in churches, formerly hung up in churches. [From its likeness to the genealogical tree of Christ's descent from Jesse (Is. xi. 1), the father of David, often in medieval churches carried out in stained glass (a jesse window), sculpture, mural decoration, &c.]

Jesserant, jes′e-rant, n. splint armour.—Also Jaz′erant. [O. Fr. gesseron, jazeran—Sp. jacerina.]

Jest, jest, n. something ludicrous: joke: fun: something uttered in sport: object of laughter.—v.i. to make a jest: to joust.—ns. Jest′-book, a collection of funny stories; Jest′er, one who jests: a buffoon: a court-fool.—adj. Jest′ful, given to jesting.—adv. Jest′ingly.—n. Jest′ing-stock, a butt for jests. [Orig. 'a deed, a story,' M. E. geste—O. Fr. geste—L. gesta—gerĕre, to do.]

Jesuit, jez′ū-it, n. a member of the famous religious order, the Society of Jesus, founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola: a crafty or insidious person, an intriguer.—v.t. to make a Jesuit of.—adjs. Jesuit′ic, -al.—adv. Jesuit′ically.—ns. Jes′uitism, Jesuitry: the principles and practices of the Jesuits: cunning: deceit; Jesuitoc′racy, government by Jesuits; Jes′uitry, Jesuitism.—Jesuits' bark, cinchona, because introduced to Rome by Jesuit missionaries.

Jesus, jē′zus, n. the Saviour of mankind.—n. Jésus, a size of paper, super-royal.—Company, or Society, of Jesus, the Jesuit order.—Grand jésus, imperial. [Gr. Iēsous—Heb. Yēshū‛a, contr. of Yehōshū‛a, help of Jehovah, the Saviour—yāsha‛, to save.]

Jet, jet, n. a rich black variety of mineral coal, very hard and compact, taking a brilliant polish, used for ornaments.—adj. Jet′-black.—n. Jet′tiness.—adj. Jet′ty, made of jet, or black as jet. [O. Fr. jaet—L.—Gr. gagatēs, from Gagas, a town and river in Lycia, in Asia Minor, where it was obtained.]

Jet, jet, n. a spouting stream: a spout at the end of a gas-pipe emitting the flame.—v.t. to throw out, shoot forth.—v.i. to strut, to encroach arrogantly upon.—n. Jettatu′ra, the Evil-eye. [O. Fr. jetter—L. jactāre, to fling, freq. of jacĕre, to throw.]

Jetsam, jet′sam, n. the throwing of goods overboard to lighten a vessel: the goods so thrown away which remain under water (see Flotsam)—also Jet′som, Jet′son, Jet′tison.—v.t. Jet′tison, to throw overboard, as goods, in time of danger. [Anglo-Fr. jetteson—L. jactation-em, a casting.]

Jetton, jet′on, n. a piece of stamped metal used as a counter in card-playing, &c.

Jetty, jet′i, n. a projection: a kind of pier. [O. Fr. jettée, thrown out. See Jet (2).]

Jew, jōō, n. an inhabitant of Judea: a Hebrew or Israelite: opprobriously used for a usurer, miser, &c.:—fem. Jew′ess.—v.t. and v.i. (coll.) to overreach: cheat.—n. Jew′-bait′ing, the persecuting of Jews.—adj. Jew′ish, belonging to the Jews.—adv. Jew′ishly.—ns. Jew′ishness; Jew's′-ear, a fungus that grows on the elder, and bears some resemblance to the human ear; Jew's' frank′incense, the balsam known as benzoin or gum storax, often used as an incense; Jew's′-harp, a small harp-shaped musical instrument played between the teeth by striking a spring with the finger; Jew's′-mall′ow, a plant much cultivated as a pot-herb by the Jews in Syria; Jew's′-myr′tle, the prickly-leaved plant Ruscus aculeatus; Jew's′-pitch, asphaltum; Jew's′-stone, the fossil spine of a large echinus or sea hedgehog.—Jew's eye, in proverb 'Worth a Jew's eye,' something of high value—from the custom of torturing Jews for money; Jews' houses, in Cornwall, the name given to prehistoric miners' dwellings.—Wandering Jew (see Wander). [O. Fr. Juis—L. Judæus—Gr. Ioudaios—Heb. Yehūdāh, Judah.]

Jewel, jōō′el, n. a precious stone: an ornament of precious stones, worn as a decoration: anything or any one highly valued.—v.t. to dress or adorn with jewels: to fit with a jewel:—pr.p. jew′elling; pa.p. jew′elled, in a watch, having pivot-holes of garnets or any other jewels.—ns. Jew′el-case, a casket for holding jewels; Jew′eller, one who makes or deals in jewels; Jew′ellery, Jew′elry, jewels in general. [O. Fr. jouel (Fr. joyau); either a dim. of Fr. joie, joy, from L. gaudium, joy—gaudēre, to rejoice—or derived through Low L. jocale, from L. jocāri, to jest.]

Jewry, jōō′ri, n. Judea: a district inhabited by Jews.

Jezebel, jez′e-bel, n. a bold and vicious woman, a virago. [From Ahab's wicked wife.]

Jib, jib, n. a triangular sail borne in front of the foremast in a ship, so called from its shifting of itself.—v.t. to shift a boom sail from one tack to the other.—v.i. to move restively.—ns. Jib′-boom, a boom or extension of the bowsprit, on which the jib is spread; Jib′-door, a door flush with the outside wall, intended to be concealed.—The cut of one's jib, appearance. [Dan. gibbe, to jib; cf. Dut. gijpen, to turn suddenly.]

Jibbings, jib′ingz, n.pl. the last milk drawn from a cow.

Jibe. Same as Gibe.

Jiffy, jif′fi, n. (coll.) an instant.

Jig, jig, n. a quick, lively tune: a quick dance suited to the tune.—v.i. to dance a jig:—pr.p. jig′ging; pa.p. jigged.—adj. Jig′gish. [O. Fr. gige, gigue, a stringed instrument—Teut.; Ger. geige; cf. gig.]

Jigamaree, jig-a-ma-rē′, n. anything the name of which one forgets, a thingumbob.—Also Jig′gumbob.

Jigger, jig′gėr, n. a corruption of chigoe.

Jigger, jig′gėr, n. anything that jigs: one of many kinds of subsidiary appliances, as an apparatus for separating ores by jolting in sieves in water, a simple potter's wheel or a template or profile used with it, a warehouse crane, the bridge or rest for the cue in billiards: an old-fashioned sloop-rigged boat: a one-horse street car: a machine for exhibiting on a dial at once the prices at which sales are made, controlled by electric mechanism with a key-board: (slang) a drink of whisky.—v.t. to jerk or shake.

Jiggered, jig′ėrd, p.adj. a meaningless and needless substitute for a profane oath.

Jigging, jig′ing, n. in mining, the process of separating ore by means of a wire-bottomed sieve moved up and down in water.

Jigjog, jig′jog, n. a jolting motion, a jog.—Also Jick′ajog, Jig′ajog. [Reduplicated form of jog.]

Jigot, jig′ot, n. a leg of mutton. See Gigot.

Jill, jil, n. Same as Gill.

Jill, jil, n. a young woman, often associated with Jack. [Short for Gillian—i.e. Juliana.]

Jilt, jilt, n. a woman who encourages a lover and then rejects him.—v.t. to encourage and then discard a lover. [Formerly jillet, dim. of Jill.]

Jimcrack. See Gimcrack.

Jim Crow, jim krō, n. one of the earliest negro-minstrel songs: a kind of generic name for the negro.

Jim-crow, jim′-krō, n. a tool for bending or straightening iron rails or bars.

Jimmy, jim′i, n. (U.S.) a coal-car.

Jimp, jimp, adj. (Scot.) slender, elegant.—adv. Jimp, Jimp′ly, neatly, hardly.—adj. Jimp′y, neat.

Jimson-weed. See Stramonium.

Jingal, jing′gal, n. a large Chinese swivel-musket.

Jingle, jing′l, n. a clinking sound: that which makes a rattling sound: a correspondence of sounds: a covered two-wheeled car.—v.i. to sound with a jingle.—ns. Jing′le-jang′le, a jingling sound; Jing′let, a ball serving as the clapper of a sleigh-bell; Jīng′ling, a game in which blindfolded players within a ring try to catch a player with a bell tied to him. [Imit.]

Jingo, jing′gō, n. a name used in the expletives, 'By Jingo!' 'By the living Jingo!' From its occurrence in a music-hall song of 1878 that conveyed a threat against Russia, Jingo has come to mean a British Chauvinist.—adjs. Jing′o, Jing′oish.—n. Jing′oism. [Often fearlessly derived from Basque Jinkoa, Jainko, God; no doubt conn. somehow with St Gengulphus (died May 11, 760).]

Jink, jingk, v.i. (Scot.) to move nimbly, to dodge.—v.t. to elude: to cheat.—n. a quick, illusory turn.

Jinn, jin, n.pl. (sing. Jin′nee) a class of spirits in Mohammedan mythology, formed of fire, living chiefly on the mountains of Káf which encircle the world, assuming various shapes, sometimes as men of enormous size and portentous hideousness.—Also Djinn, Ginn. The jinn are often called genii by a confusion. A plural Jinns is sometimes erroneously used. [Ar. jinn, pl. jinnīy.]

Jinrikisha, jin-rik′i-shä, n. a small, two-wheeled hooded carriage drawn by men. [Jap. jin, man, riki, power, sha, carriage.]

Job, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab with a pointed instrument like a beak.—v.t. to strike or stab suddenly:—pr.p. job′bing; pa.p. jobbed. [Gael. gob, W. gwp, a bird's beak; conn. with gobble, job.]

Job, job, n. any piece of work, esp. of a trifling or temporary nature: miscellaneous printing-work: any undertaking with a view to profit: a mean transaction, in which private gain is sought under pretence of public service.—adj. of a particular job or transaction, assigned to a special use: bought or sold lumped together.—v.i. to work at jobs: to buy and sell as a broker: to hire or let out by the week or month, esp. horses.—ns. Job′ber, one who jobs: one who buys and sells, as a broker or middleman: one who turns official actions to private advantage: one who engages in a mean lucrative affair; Job′bery, jobbing: unfair means employed to procure some private end; Job′-mas′ter, a livery-stable keeper who jobs out horses and carriages.—A bad job, an unfortunate affair; Odd jobs, occasional pieces of work. [Formerly gob—O. Fr. gob, a mouthful; from the same Celtic root as gobble.]

Job, jōb, n. a monument of patience—from Job in Scripture.—n. Jobā′tion, a tedious scolding.—Job's comforter, one who aggravates the distress of an unfortunate man he has come to comfort; Job's news, bad news; Job's post, the bearer of bad news.

Jockey, jok′i, n. a man (orig. a boy) who rides horses in a race: a horse-dealer: one who takes undue advantage in business.—v.t. to jostle by riding against: to cheat.—ns. Jock′eyism, Jock′eyship, the art or practice of a jockey.—Jockey Club, an association for the promotion and ordering of horse-racing. [Dim. of Jock, northern Eng. for Jack.]

Jockteleg, jok′te-leg, n. (Scot.) a large clasp-knife. [Cf. jack-knife.]

Jocose, jo-kōs′, adj. full of jokes: humorous: merry.—adv. Jocose′ly.—ns. Jocose′ness, Jocos′ity, the quality of being jocose.—adj. Joco-sē′rious, half in jest, half in earnest. [L. jocosus—jocus, a joke.]

Jocular, jok′ū-lar, adj. given to jokes: humorous: droll: laughable.—n. Jocular′ity.—adv. Joc′ularly.—n. Joculā′tor, a professional jester or minstrel.—adj. Joc′ulātory. [L. jocularis—jocus.]

Jocund, jok′und, adj. in a jocose humour: merry: cheerful: pleasant.—ns. Jocund′ity, Jocund′ness.—adv. Joc′undly. [Fr.,—L. jocundus—jocus.]

Jodel, jō′del, v.i. to sing with the falsetto voice in harmonic progressions.—Also n. [Swiss.]

Joe, jō, Joey, jō′i, n. (slang) a fourpenny-bit—from Joseph Hume, M.P., their author, 1836.—Joe Miller, an old or stale jest, a jest-book; Joe Millerism, the habit of retailing stale jests—from Joe Miller (1684-1738), a comedian but notoriously dull fellow, whose name was attached to a collection in 1739.

Joe, or Jo, jō, n. (Scot.) a sweetheart.

Jog, jog, v.t. to shake: to push with the elbow or hand, to stimulate, stir up, as the memory.—v.i. to move by jogs: to travel slowly:—pr.p. jog′ging; pa.p. jogged.—n. a slight shake: a push.—ns. Jog′ger (Dryden), one who moves slowly and heavily; Jog′trot, a slow jogging trot.—Be jogging, to move on, to depart. [A weakened form of shock.]

Joggle, jog′l, n. a notch in joints adapted in fitting stones or pieces of timber together to keep them from sliding. [Dim. of jog, to push.]

Joggle, jog′l, v.t. to jog or shake slightly: to jostle.—v.i. to shake:—pr.p. jogg′ling; pa.p. jogg′led. [Dim. of jog.]

Johannes, jō-han′ēz, n. an old Portuguese gold coin.—Also Joann′es.

Johannine, jō-an′nīn, adj. pertaining to St John.—Also Johan′nēan. [L. Joannes.]

Johannisberger, jō-hän′nis-bėr-gėr, n. a white Rhenish wine grown at Johannisberg ('St John's Mountain'), near Wiesbaden.

John, jon, n. a proper name, one of whose diminutives, John′ny, is sometimes used in slang for a simpleton or a fellow generally.—ns. John′-a-dreams′ (Shak.), a dreamy fellow; John′ian, a member of St John's College, Cambridge; John′ny-cake, a cake of Indian meal toasted; John′ny-raw, a beginner.—John Bull, a generic name for an Englishman from Arbuthnott's History of John Bull, 1712; John Bullism, the typical English character, or any act or word expressive of it; John Chinaman, a Chinaman, the Chinese collectively; John Company, an old colloquial name for the Honourable East India Company; John Dory (see Dory); John Thomas, a generic name for a flunkey.

Johnsonianism, jon-sō′ni-an-izm, n. a peculiarity of Dr Johnson, the lexicographer (1709-83)—also John′sonism.—n. John′sonese, the Johnsonian style, or an imitation of it—ponderous English, full of words of classical origin.

Join, join, v.t. to connect: to unite: to associate: to add or annex.—v.i. to be connected with: to grow together: to be in close contact: to unite (with).—ns. Joind′er, joining; Join′er, one who joins or unites: a carpenter; Join′ery, the art of the joiner; Join′-hand, running hand; Join′ing, the act of joining: a seam: a joint; Joint, a joining: the place where, or mode in which, two or more things join, as two rails, two pieces of timber connected by mortises and tenons, &c.: the flexible hinge of cloth or leather connecting the back of a book with its sides: (geol.) a crack intersecting a mass of rock: a knot: a hinge: a seam: a place of resort for tramps: (U.S.) an opium-den: the place where two bones are joined: (cook.) the part of the limb of an animal cut off at the joint.—adj. joined, united, or combined: shared among more than one.—v.t. to unite by joints: to fit closely: to provide with joints: to cut into joints, as an animal.—v.i. to fit like joints.—adj. Joint′ed, having joints.—ns. Joint′er, the largest kind of plane used by a joiner: a bent piece of iron for riveting two stones together; Joint′ing-rule, a long, straight-edged rule used by bricklayers for keeping their work even.—adv. Joint′ly, in a joint manner: unitedly or in combination: together.—ns. Joint′-oil, the synovia, a viscid secretion for lubricating the articular surfaces; Joint′-stock, stock held jointly or in company; Joint′-stool (Shak.), a stool made of parts inserted in each other; Joint′-ten′ancy, the ownership of land or goods along with one or more persons; Joint′-ten′ant, one who is owner of land or goods along with others; Joint′ure, property joined to or settled on a woman at marriage to be enjoyed after her husband's death.—v.t. to settle a jointure upon.—ns. Joint′ūress, Join′tress, a woman on whom a jointure is settled.—Join battle, to engage in battle.—Out of joint, dislocated, (fig.) disordered; Put one's nose out of joint, to supplant in another's love or confidence; Second joint, the middle piece of a fly fishing-rod: the thigh of a fowl—opp. to the leg or drumstick, the first joint; Universal joint, a contrivance by which one part of a machine is able to move freely in all directions, as in the ball-and-socket joint. [O. Fr. joindre—L. jungĕre, junctum.]

Joist, joist, n. the timbers to which the boards of a floor or the laths of a ceiling are nailed.—v.t. to fit with joists. [O. Fr. giste—gesir—L. jacēre, to lie.]

Joke, jōk, n. a jest: a witticism: something witty or sportive: anything said or done to excite a laugh.—v.t. to cast jokes at: to banter: to make merry with.—v.i. to jest: to be merry: to make sport.—n. Jok′er, one who jokes or jests: a card, generally the highest trump, at euchre.—adv. Jok′ingly, in a joking manner. [L. jocus.]

Jole, another form of jowl.

Jole, Joll, jōl, v.t. (Shak.) to beat against anything, to clash with violence.

Jolly, jol′i, adj. merry: expressing or exciting mirth, jovial: comely, robust.—n. Jollificā′tion, a making jolly: noisy festivity and merriment.—adv. Joll′ily.—ns. Joll′iment (Spens.), merriment; Joll′ity, Joll′iness.—adv. Joll′y (coll.), uncommonly. [O. Fr. jolif, joli—Ice. jol, Yule.]

Jollyboat, jol′i-bōt, n. a small boat belonging to a ship. [Dan. jolle, a boat, and Eng. boat.]

Jolt, jōlt, v.i. to shake with sudden jerks.—v.t. to shake with a sudden shock.—n. a sudden jerk.—ns. Jolt′er; Jolt′-head, Jolt′erhead, a blockhead.—adv. Jolt′ingly, in a jolting manner. [Old form joll, prob. conn. with jowl.]

Jonah, jō′nä, n. an unlucky passenger on shipboard or elsewhere—from the prophet Jonah.

Jonathan, jon′a-than, n. the people of the United States, collectively, or a typical specimen, Brother Jonathan. [Perh. from the sagacious Governor Jonathan Trumbull, 1710-85.]

Jongleur, zhong′gler, n. a minstrel: a mountebank. [O. Fr. jogleor—L. joculator; cf. Juggler.]

Jonquil, jon′kwil, n. a name given to certain species of narcissus with rush-like leaves.—Also Jon′quill. [Fr. jonquille—L. juncus, a rush.]

Jordan, jor′dan, n. (Shak.) a chamber-pot. [Jordan-bottle, a pilgrim's bottle containing Jordan water.]

Jorum, jō′rum, n. a drinking bowl or vessel, also its contents.—Also Jō′ram. [Ety. unknown.]

Joseph, jō′zef, n. one whose chastity is above temptation—from the story of Joseph and Potiphar's wife in Gen. xxxix.: a caped overcoat worn by women in the 18th century for riding—in allusion to Joseph's coat, Gen. xxxvii. 3.

Joskin, jos′kin, n. a clown, yokel. [Thieves' cant.]

Joss, jos, n. a Chinese idol.—ns. Joss′-house, a temple; Joss′-stick, a stick of gum burned as incense to their gods. [Pidgin-English corr. of the Port. deos, god.]

Joss-block, jos′-blok, n. (prov.) a horse-block.

Jostle, jos′l, v.t. to joust or strike against: to drive against. [Freq. of joust.]

Jot, jot, n. the least quantity assignable.—v.t. to set down briefly: to make a memorandum of:—pr.p. jot′ting; pa.p. jot′ted.—ns. Jot′ter, one who jots: a book for memoranda; Jot′ting, a memorandum. [L.,—Gr. iōta—Heb. yōdh, the smallest letter in the alphabet, Eng. i.]

Jotun, yō′tun, n. a giant. [Ice. jötunn.]

Jougs, joogz, n. an iron neck-ring that constituted the old Scottish pillory. [O. Fr. joug, a yoke—L. jugum.]

Jouisance, jōō′is-ans, n. (Spens.) joyousness. [Fr.,—jouir, to enjoy—L. gaudēre, to rejoice.]

Jouk, Jook, jōōk, v.i. (Scot.) to duck or dodge: to bow.—ns. Jouk′ery, Jook′ery, trickery; Jouk′ery-pawk′ery, low cunning, trickery.

Joule, jōōl, n. the practical unit of electrical energy. [After James Prescott Joule (1818-89).]

Jounce, jowns, v.t. and v.i. to jolt, shake.

Journal, jur′nal, n. a daily register or diary: a book containing an account of each day's transactions: a newspaper published daily or otherwise: a magazine: the transactions of any society.—n. Journalese′, the language of journalism.—v.i. Jour′nalīse, to write articles for a journal.—v.t. to enter in a journal:—pr.p. jour′nalīsing; pa.p. jour′nalīsed.—ns. Jour′nalism, the keeping of a journal: the profession of conducting or writing for public journals; Jour′nalist, one who writes for or conducts a newspaper.—adj. Journalist′ic, pertaining to journalism. [Fr.,—L. diurnalis.]

Journal, jur′nal, n. (mech.) that part of a shaft or axle which rests in the bearings.—v.t. to insert, as a shaft, in a journal-bearing.

Journey, jur′ni, n. any travel: tour: excursion: the weight of finished coins delivered at one time to the Master of the Mint—also Jour′ney-weight.—v.i. Jour′ney, to travel:—pr.p. jour′neying; pa.p. jour′neyed (-nid).—adj. Jour′ney-bat′ed (Shak.), wayworn.—ns. Jour′neyman, one who works by the day: any hired workman: one whose apprenticeship is completed; Jour′ney-work, work done by a journeyman or for hire. [Fr. journée—jour, a day—L. diurnus.]

Joust, jōōst, Just, just, n. the encounter of two knights on horseback at a tournament.—v.i. to run in the tilt. [O. Fr. jouste, joste—L. juxta, nigh to.]

Jovial, jō′vi-al, adj. joyous: full of mirth and happiness.—ns. Jove, Jupiter; Jovial′ity, Jō′vialness, quality of being jovial.—adv. Jō′vially. [L.,—Jupiter, Jovis, Jupiter, an auspicious star.]

Jow, jow, v.t. and v.i. (Scot.) to ring, toll.—n. a stroke of a bell.

Jowl, jowl, n. the jaw or cheek.—n. Jowl′er, a heavy-jawed hound. [M. E. forms are chol, chaul, corr. from chavel, and this again from A.S. ceafl, the jaw.]

Jowl, jōl, v.t. (Shak.). Same as Jole, to beat.

Jowter, jow′tėr, n. a fish-hawker.—Also Jow′der. [Prob. a form of jolter.]

Joy, joi, n. gladness: rapture, mirth: the cause of joy.—v.i. to rejoice: to be glad: to exult:—pr.p. joy′ing; pa.p. joyed.—v.t. Joy (Milt.), to enjoy.—n. Joy′ance (Spens.), gaiety, festivity.—adj. Joy′ful, full of joy: very glad, happy, or merry.—adv. Joy′fully.—n. Joy′fulness.—adj. Joy′less, without joy: not giving joy.—adv. Joy′lessly.—n. Joy′lessness.—adj. Joy′ous, full of joy, happiness, or merriment.—adv. Joy′ously.—n. Joy′ousness.—The Seven Joys of the Virgin:—the Annunciation, the Visitation, the Nativity, the Adoration of the three wise men, the Presentation in the Temple, the Discovery of the child in the Temple amidst the doctors, her Assumption and Coronation. [Fr. joie (It. gioja)—L. gaudium—gaudēre, to rejoice.]

Juba, jōō′ba, n. a negro breakdown or rustic dance, in which the spectators clap hands, slap their thighs, and sing verses with juba as a refrain.

Jubate, jōō′bāt, adj. having a mane.

Jubbah, jub′a, n. a long loose outer garment worn by Mohammedans in India, &c.

Jube, jōō′bē, n. the rood-loft or gallery over the entrance to the choir of a church. [L., imperat. of jubēre, to command.]

Jubilant, jōō′bi-lant, adj. shouting for joy: rejoicing: uttering songs of triumph.—n. Ju′bilance, exultation.—adv. Jubilantly.—v.i. Ju′bilate, to exult, rejoice.—ns. Jubilā′tē, the third Sunday after Easter, so called because the Church Service began on that day with the 66th Psalm, 'Jubilate Deo,' &c.: also the 100th Psalm, which in the English Prayer-Book is a canticle used as an alternative for the Benedictus; Jubilā′tion, a shouting for joy: the declaration of triumph. [L. jubilāre, to shout for joy. Not conn. with Jubilee.]

Jubilee, jōō′bi-lē, n. the year of release among the Jews every fiftieth year, proclaimed by the sound of a trumpet: the celebration of a fiftieth anniversary—e.g. of a king's accession, a bishop's consecration, &c.: in the R.C. Church, a year (every twenty-fifth—Ordinary jubilee) of indulgence for pilgrims and others, an Extraordinary jubilee being specially appointed by the Pope: any season of great public joy and festivity. [Fr. jubilé—L. jubilæus—Heb. yōbel, a trumpet, the blast of a trumpet.]

Jud, jud, n. a mass of coal holed or undercut so as to be thrown down by wedges.

Judaic, -al, jōō-dā′ik, -al, adj. pertaining to the Jews.—adv. Judā′ically.—n. Judaisā′tion.—v.t. Ju′daīse, to conform to or practise Judaism.—ns. Judaī′ser; Ju′daism, the doctrines and rites of the Jews: conformity to the Jewish rites; Ju′daist, one who holds the doctrines of Judaism.—adj. Judaist′ic, pertaining to Judaism.—adv. Judaist′ically. [L. Judaicus—Juda, Judah, a son of Israel.]

Judas, jōō′das, n. a traitor: an opening in a jail-door, &c.—adj. Ju′das-col′oured, red of hair—Judas traditionally being red-haired.—ns. Ju′das-hole, a small hole in a door for watching; Ju′das-kiss, any act of treachery under the guise of kindness (Matt. xxvi. 48, 49); Ju′das-tree, a tree with rose-coloured flowers that appear before the leaves—Judas having hanged himself on one.

Judean, jōō-dē′an, adj. belonging to Judea.—n. a native of Judea.

Judge, juj, v.i. to point out or declare what is just or law: to hear and decide: to pass sentence: to compare facts to determine the truth: to form or pass an opinion: to distinguish.—v.t. to hear and determine authoritatively: to sentence: to decide the merits of: to be censorious towards: to consider: (B.) to condemn.—n. one who judges: a civil officer who hears and settles any cause: an arbitrator: one who can decide upon the merit of anything: in Jewish history, a supreme magistrate having civil and military powers: (pl.) title of 7th book of the Old Testament.—ns. Judge′ship, the office of a judge; Judg′ment, act of judging: the comparing of ideas to elicit truth: faculty by which this is done, the reason: opinion formed: taste: sentence: condemnation: doom; Judg′ment-day, the day on which God will pronounce final judgment on mankind; Judg′ment-debt, a debt evidenced by legal record; Judg′ment-hall, a hall where a court of justice meets; Judg′ment-seat, seat or bench in a court from which judgment is pronounced. [Fr. juger—L. judicāre—jus, law, dicĕre, to declare.]

Judica, jōō′di-ka, n. Passion Sunday—from the opening words of the introit, 'Judica me, Deus' (43d Ps.).

Judicature, jōō′di-kā-tūr, n. power of dispensing justice by legal trial: jurisdiction: a tribunal.—adjs. Ju′dicable, that may be judged or tried; Ju′dicātive, having power to judge; Ju′dicātory, pertaining to a judge: distributing justice.—n. distribution of justice: a tribunal.

Judicial, jōō-dish′al, adj. pertaining to a judge or court of justice: established by statute.—adv. Judic′ially.—Judicial Committee, an offshoot of the Privy Council, forming a court of appeal; Judicial factor, in Scotland, an administrator appointed by the courts to manage the estate of some one under some imperfection; Judicial separation, the separation of two married persons by order of the Divorce Court. [L. judicialis—judicium.]

Judiciary, jōō-dish′i-ar-i, n. the judges taken collectively.—adj. pertaining to the courts of law: passing judgment. [L. judiciarius.]

Judicious, jōō-dish′us, adj. according to sound judgment: possessing sound judgment: discreet.—adv. Judic′iously.—n. Judic′iousness. [Fr. judicieux—Low L. judiciosus—L. judicium.]

Judy, jōō′di, n. Punch's wife in the puppet-show: a native Chinese strumpet. [Corr. of Judith.]

Jug, jug, n. a large vessel with a swelling body and narrow mouth for liquors.—v.t. to boil or stew as in a jug:—pr.p. jug′ging; pa.p. jugged.—Jugged hare (see Hare); Stone jug (slang), jail. [Prob. Judy, jocularly applied to a drinking-vessel; cf. Jack and Jill in a like sense.]

Jug, jug, v.i. to utter the sound jug, as certain birds, esp. the nightingale.—n. Jug-jug. [Imit.]

Jugal, jōō′gal, adj. malar: joining, uniting.—n. a bone of the zygomatic arch, malar bone.

Jugate, -d, jōō′gāt, -ed, adj. (bot.) having the leaflets in pairs: joined as jugata on a coin, &c.—n.pl. Ju′gata, heads shown side by side or overlapping.

Juggernaut, jug′er-nawt, n. an idol of the Hindu god Vishnu, beneath whose car devotees were supposed to immolate themselves; hence the 'car of Juggernaut' stands metaphorically for any Moloch of self-sacrifice. [Sans. Jagannātha, lord of the world.]

Juggins, jug′ginz, n. (slang) a simpleton.

Juggle, jug′l, v.i. to joke or jest: to amuse by sleight-of-hand: to conjure: to practise artifice or imposture.—n. a trick by sleight-of-hand: an imposture.—ns. Jugg′ler, one who performs tricks by sleight-of-hand: a trickish fellow; Jugg′lery, art or tricks of a juggler: legerdemain: trickery.—adv. Jugg′lingly, in a deceptive manner. [O. Fr. jogler—L. joculāri, to jest—jocus, a jest.]

Juglans, jōō′glanz, n. a genus of the walnut family.

Jugular, jug′ū-lar, adj. pertaining to the collar-bone, which joins the neck and shoulders.—n. one of the large veins on each side of the neck. [L. jugulum, the collar-bone—jungĕre, to join.]

Juice, jōōs, n. the sap of vegetables: the fluid part of animal bodies.—adj. Juice′less.—n. Juic′iness.—adj. Juic′y. [Fr.,—L. jus, broth, lit. mixture.]

Jujube, jōō′jōōb, n. a genus of spiny shrubs or small trees, the fruit of which is dried as a sweetmeat: a lozenge made of sugar and gum. [Fr.,—L. zizyphum—Gr. zizyphon—Pers. zīzfun, the jujube-tree.]

Julep, jōō′lep, n. a pleasant liquid medicine in which other nauseous medicines are taken.—Also Ju′lap. [Fr.,—Sp. julepe—Ar. jūlāb—Pers. jūlāb.]

Julian, jōōl′yan, adj. pertaining to C. Julius Cæsar (B.C. 100-44).—Julian year (see Year).

Julienne, zhü-li-en′, n. a clear soup, with shredded herbs. [Julien, a French cook in Boston.]

July, jōō′lī, n. the seventh month of the year—from Caius Julius Cæsar, who was born in it.

Jumart, jōō′mart, n. the offspring of a bull and a mare, or horse and cow. [Fr.,—L. jumentum.]

Jumble, jum′bl, v.t. to mix confusedly: to throw together without order.—v.i. to be mixed together confusedly: to be agitated: to jump at, to accept eagerly.—n. a confused mixture.—n. Jum′ble-sale, a charity bazaar of cast-off clothing, rubbish, &c.—adv. Jum′blingly, in a jumbled or confused manner. [Prob. a freq. of jump.]

Jumbo, jum′bō, n. a colossus.—adj. huge, colossal. [Name of a huge elephant sold in 1882 from the London Zoological Gardens to P. T. Barnum.]

Jump, jump, v.i. to spring upward, or forward, or both: to bound: to pass to as by a leap: to agree, coincide (with).—v.t. to pass by a leap: to skip over: to cause to start, as game:—pr.p. jump′ing; pa.p. jumped.—n. act of jumping: a bound, a hazard.—adv. (Shak.) exactly.—ns. Jump′er, one who jumps: a long iron drill or borer used in quarries and mines: (pl.) a term applied to certain Welsh Methodists (c. 1760), who jumped about in worship: Jump′ing-deer, the black-tailed American deer; Jump′ing-hare, a South African rodent, akin to the jerboas; Jump′-seat, a carriage-seat which may be moved backwards or forwards, so as to be used as single or double: a carriage with a movable seat; Count′er-jump′er, a draper's shopman.—Jump a claim (U.S.), to take land to which another already holds a claim; Jump at, to embrace with eagerness; Jump one's bail, to abscond, forfeiting one's bail; Jump over, to disregard, omit; Jump over the broomstick, to make an irregular marriage. [From a Teut. root seen in Sw. dial. gumpa, Middle High Ger. gumpen, to jump.]

Jump, jump, Jumper, jump′er, n. a loose garment: overall. [More prob. a thing to be jumped or slipped on, than from Fr. jupe, a petticoat, skirt.]

Juncaceous, jun-kā′shus, adj. of or pertaining to the Juncaceæ, a natural order of plants, of which the Jun′cus, or rush, is the type.

Juncate, jungk′āt, n. Same as Junket.

Junco, jung′kō, n. a North American snow-bird.

Junction, jungk′shun, n. a joining, a union or combination: place or point of union. [Join.]

Juncture, jungk′tūr, n. a joining, a union: a critical or important point of time. [L. junctura.]

June, jōōn, n. the sixth month, originally of 26 days, but since Julius Cæsar's time of 30. [L. Junius, the sixth month, prob. from root of L. juvenis, junior.]

Juneating, an erroneous form of jenneting.

Jungermannia, joong-ger-man′i-ä, n. (bot.) a suborder of Hepaticæ. [From a German botanist, Jungermann (1572-1653).]

Jungle, jung′gl, n. land covered with thick brushwood, &c.—ns. Jungle-fē′ver, a severe malarial or remittent fever; Jung′le-fowl, a wild species of genus Gallus, the parent of our barn-door fowl.—adj. Jung′ly. [Sans. jañgala, desert.]

Junior, jōōn′yur, adj. younger: less advanced.—n. one younger or less advanced.—ns. Junior′ity, Jun′iorship; Jun′ior-right, borough-English (q.v.).—Junior optime, a third-class honours man at Cambridge, next to Wranglers and Senior Optimes; Junior soph, an undergraduate of the second year at Cambridge. [Contr. of L. juvenior, younger—juvenis, young.]

Juniper, jōō′ni-pėr, n. an evergreen shrub, the berries of which are used in making gin. [L. juniperus—juvenis, young, parĕre, to bring forth.]

Junk, jungk, n. a Chinese vessel, with high forecastle and poop, sometimes large and three-masted. [Port. junco—Chinese chw‛an, a boat.]

Junk, jungk, n. pieces of old cordage, used for making mats, &c., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for the seams of ships: salt meat supplied to vessels for long voyages, so called because it becomes as hard as old rope.—ns. Junk′-deal′er, Junk′man, a dealer in junk; Junk′-ring, a metal ring confining a fibrous piston-packing; Junk′-shop, a place where junk is bought and sold. [L. juncus, a rush.]

Junk, jungk, n. a thick piece, chunk. [Chunk.]

Junk-bottle, junk′bot-l, n. a thick, strong bottle, of green or black glass.

Junker, yōōng′kėr, n. a young German noble or squire.—n. Junk′erism, the narrow political and social ideas of the aristocratic party in Prussia called Junkers.

Junket, jung′ket, n. any sweetmeat or delicacy: curds mixed with cream, sweetened and flavoured: a feast or merrymaking, a picnic, a spree.—v.i. to feast, banquet, take part in a convivial entertainment or spree.—v.t. to feast, regale, entertain:—pr.p. junketing; pa.p. jun′keted.—n. Junk′eting, a merry feast or entertainment, picnicking. [It. guincata—L. juncus, a rush.]

Juno, jōō′nō, n. in Roman mythology, the wife of Jupiter, parallel with the Greek Hera, regarded as the special protectress of marriage and the guardian of woman from birth to death: a queenly woman.—adj. Junō′nian.

Junta, jun′ta, n. a meeting, council: a Spanish grand council of state. [Sp.,—L. jungĕre, to join.]

Junto, jun′tō, n. a body of men joined or united for some secret intrigue: a confederacy: a cabal or faction:—pl. Jun′tos. [Sp. junta.]

Jupati-palm, jōō′pa-tē-päm, n. a South American palm yielding the raphia-fibre.

Jupiter, jōō′pi-tėr, n. the chief god among the Romans, the parallel of the Greek Zeus—also Jove: the largest and, next to Venus, the brightest of the planets.—Jupiter's beard, the house-leek. [L., Gr. Zeus patēr, Sans. Dyaus pitar, lit. 'Jove (Zeus) father.']

Jupon, jōō′-pon, n. a sleeveless jacket or close-fitting coat, extending down over the hips: a petticoat.—n. Jupette′, a jupon with very short skirt. [Fr. jupon, jupe, a petticoat.]

Jural, jōō′ral, adj. pertaining to natural or positive right.—adv. Ju′rally.

Jurassic, jōō-ras′sik, adj. (geol.) one of the three divisions of the Mesozoic rocks, including the Lias and Oolites, and so called from its well-developed strata in the Jura Mountains.

Jurat, jōō′rat, n. the official memorandum at the end of an affidavit, showing the time when and the person before whom it was sworn.

Jurat, jōō′rat, n. a sworn officer, as a magistrate.

Jurant, jōō′rant, adj. taking an oath.—n. one who takes an oath.—adj. Ju′ratory, pertaining to an oath.

Juridical, jōō-rid′ik-al, adj. relating to the distribution of justice: pertaining to a judge: used in courts of law.—adv. Jurid′ically. [L. juridicus—jus, juris, law, dicere[typo: dicĕre], to declare.]

Jurisconsult, jōō-ris-kon′sult, n. one who is consulted on the law: a lawyer who gives opinions on cases put to him: a jurist. [L. jus, juris, law, consultus—consultere, to consult.]

Jurisdiction, jōō-ris-dik′shun, n. the distribution of justice: legal authority: extent of power: district over which any authority extends.—adjs. Jurisdic′tional, Jurisdic′tive. [Fr.,—L. jurisdictio.]

Jurisprudence, jōō-ris-prōō′dens, n. the science or knowledge of law.—adj. Jurispru′dent, learned in law.—n. one who is learned in law.—adj. Jurispruden′tial.—Medical jurisprudence, forensic medicine (see Forensic). [Fr.—L., jurisprudentia—jus, juris, law, prudentia, knowledge.]

Jurist, jōō′rist, n. one who is versed in the science of law, esp. Roman or civil law: a civilian.—adjs. Jurist′ic, -al.—adv. Jurist′ically. [Fr. juriste.]

Jury, jōō′ri, n. a body of not less than twelve men, selected and sworn, as prescribed by law, to declare the truth on evidence before them: a committee for deciding prizes at a public exhibition.—ns. Ju′ror, one who serves on a jury—also Ju′ryman; Ju′ry-box, the place in which the jury sit during a trial.—Jury of matrons, a jury of 'discreet' women impanelled to try a question of pregnancy, as where a widow alleges herself to be with child by her late husband, or a woman sentenced to death, to stay execution, pleads that she is with child. [Fr. juré, sworn—jurer—L. jurāre, to swear.]

Jurymast, jōō′ri-mäst, n. a temporary mast raised instead of one lost.—adj. Ju′ry-rigged, rigged in a temporary way.—n. Ju′ry-rudd′er, a temporary rudder for one lost. [Not injury-mast, but O. Fr. ajurie, aid—L. adjutāre, to aid.]

Jus, jus, n. law right.—Jus civile, the civil law; Jus divinum, the divine right of kings; Jus gentium, law of nations; Jus mariti, the right of a husband; Jus naturale, the law of nature, the common sense of justice; Jus primæ noctis, the alleged right of a feudal superior to deflower a young bride.

Jussive, jus′iv, adj. expressing command.—n. a grammatical form or construction expressing commands.

Just, just, n. a tilt. Same as Joust.

Just, just, adv. lawful: upright: exact: regular: true: righteous.—adv. precisely, almost exactly, very lately, (coll.) quite, barely.—adv. Just′ly, in a just manner: equitably: uprightly: accurately: by right.—n. Just′ness, equity: propriety: exactness. [Fr.,—L. justus—jus, law.]

Justice, jus′tis, n. quality of being just: integrity: impartiality: desert: retribution: a judge: a magistrate.—ns. Jus′ticeship, office or dignity of a justice or judge; Justic′iary, Justic′iar, an administrator of justice: a chief-justice.—Justice of the Peace (abb. J.P.), an inferior magistrate; Justices' justice, a term sarcastically applied to the kind of justice sometimes administered by the unpaid and amateur magistracy of England.—Lord Chief-justice, the chief judge of the King's (or Queen's) Bench Division of the High Court of Justice; Lord Justice-clerk, the Scottish judge ranking next to the Lord-Justice-general, presiding over the Outer House or Second Division of the Court of Session, vice-president of the High Court of Justiciary; Lord Justice-general, the highest judge in Scotland, called also the Lord President of the Court of Session.—High Court of Justiciary, the supreme criminal court of justice in Scotland. [Fr.,—L. justitia.]

Justify, jus′ti-fī, v.t. to make just: to prove or show to be just or right: to vindicate: to absolve:—pr.p. jus′tifying; pa.p. jus′tified.—adj. Justifī′able, that may be justified or defended.—n. Justifī′ableness.—adv. Justifī′ably.—n. Justificā′tion, vindication: absolution: a plea of sufficient reason for.—adjs. Jus′tificātive, Jus′tificātory, having power to justify.—n. Jus′tifier, one who defends, or vindicates: he who pardons and absolves from guilt and punishment.—Justification by faith, the doctrine that men are justified by faith in Christ. [Fr.,—L. justificāre—justus, just, facĕre, to make.]

Justle, jus′l, v.t. Same as Jostle.

Jut, jut, v.i. to project:—pr.p. jut′ting; pa.p. jut′ted.—adv. Jut′tingly, projectingly.—n. Jut′-win′dow, a projecting window. [A form of jet.]

Jute, jōōt, n. the fibre of an Indian plant resembling hemp, used in the manufacture of coarse bags, mats, &c. [Orissa jhot, Sans. jhat.]

Jutty, jut′i, n. a projecting part of a building: a pier, a jetty.—v.t. and v.i. (Shak.) to jut. [Jut.]

Juvenal, jōō′ve-nal, n. (Shak.) a youth. [L.]

Juvenescent, jōō-ven-es′ent, adj. becoming young.—n. Juvenesc′ence. [L. juvenescĕre, to grow young.]

Juvenile, jōō′ve-nīl, or -nil, adj. young: pertaining or suited to youth: puerile.—n. a young person: a book written for such: an actor who plays youthful parts.—ns. Ju′venileness, Juvenil′ity. [Fr.,—L. juvenilis—juvenis, young.]

Juxtaposition, juks-ta-pō-zish′un, n. a placing or being placed near: contiguity.—v.t. Juxtapose′, to place side by side. [L. juxta, near, and position.]

Jymold, jī′mold, adj. (Shak.). Same as Gimmal.

the eleventh letter in our alphabet, its sound that of the sharp guttural mute, formed by raising the tongue to the back of the palate: (chem.) the symbol for potassium: (math.) generally a constant coefficient: also a unit vector perpendicular to i and j: as a medieval numeral, 250.

Kaaba, kä′bä, or kā′a-bä, n. Same as Caaba (q.v.).

Kabala, kab′a-la, n. Same as Cabala.

Kabyle, ka-bīl′, n. one of a branch of the great Berber race of North Africa: a dialect of Berber spoken by many of the Kabyles. [Fr.,—Ar. Qabāil, pl. of qabīla, a tribe.]

Kaddish, kad′ish, n. a Jewish form of thanksgiving and prayer, used at funerals, &c. [Heb.]

Kadi, kā′di, n. Same as Cadi.

Kae, kā, n. (Scot.) a jackdaw.—Also Ka.

Kaffiyeh, kaf′i-ye, n. a small shawl worn about the head in Syria.

Kafila, kaf′i-la, n. a camel train, caravan.

Kafir, kaf′ir, n. one of a native race of SE. Africa.—Kafir bread, the pith of a South African plant; Kafir corn, Indian millet. [Ar., unbeliever.]

Kaftan. Same as Caftan.

Kago, kag′ō, n. a Japanese basket with palanquin slung from a pole and carried by men.

Kaiak. Same as Kayak.

Kaif, kīf, n. undisturbed quiescence. [Ar.]

Kail, kāl, n. a ninepin. [Cf. Dut. and Ger. kegel.]

Kail. See Kale.

Kaimakam, kī-ma-kam′, n. a lieutenant-colonel in the Turkish army: the administrator of a subdivision of a vilayet.

Kain, kān, n. in old Scots law, rent paid in kind, e.g. in poultry, to a landlord.

Kainite, kī′nīt, n. a hydrated compound of the chlorides and sulphates of magnesium and potassium, used as a fertiliser. [Gr. kainos, new.]

Kainozoic. Same as Cainozoic.

Kaiser, kī′zėr, n. an emperor, esp. of Germany and Austria.—n. Kai′sership. [Ger.,—L. Cæsar.]

Kaka, kä′ka, n. a New Zealand parrot.—n. Ka′kapo, a nocturnal flightless New Zealand parrot.

Kakemono, kak-e-mō′nō, n. a Japanese wall-picture or decoration, painted on silk, gauze, or paper, and mounted on cylindrical rods.

Kaki, kä′kē, n. the persimmon of Japan, or Chinese date.

Kakistocracy, kak-is-tok′rā-si, n. government by the worst men in the state. [Gr. kakistos, superl. of kakos, bad, kratia, rule.]

Kakodyl. See Cacodyl.

Kala, kä′la, n. time: destiny.—Kâla chakra, the wheel of time. [Sans.]

Kalamdan, kal′am-dan, n. a Persian writing-case, with compartments for ink, reed-pens, knife, &c.

Kalamkari, kal-am-kar′i, n. a method of colouring and decorating by several dyeings or printings, also a chintz so treated. [Pers.]

Kale, Kail, kāl, n. a cabbage with open curled leaves, cabbage generally: broth of which kale is a chief ingredient.—ns. Kail′yard, a kitchen-garden; Kale′-runt, a cabbage-stem.—Kailyard-school, a group of writers of stories of humble Scotch country life—S. R. Crockett, Ian Maclaren, &c. [Cole.]

Kaleidophone, ka-lī′do-fōn, n. an instrument consisting of a rod or thin plate with a knob at the end, for showing the curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, phōnē, sound.]

Kaleidoscope, ka-lī′do-skōp, n. an optical toy in which we see an endless variety of beautiful colours and forms.—adj. Kaleidoscop′ic. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, eidos, form, skopein, to see.]

Kalendar, Kalends=Calendar, Calends.

Kalevala, kal-e-vä′lä, n. the great Finnish epic, written in eight-syllabled trochaic verse (from which Longfellow's Hiawatha is imitated), taken down from the lips of the peasantry and pieced together by Dr. Lönnrot of Helsingfors in 1835, in extended form (22,793 verses) in 1849. [Finnish, kaleva, a hero, -la, denoting place.]

Kali, kal′i, or kā′lī, n. the prickly saltwort or glasswort.—adj. Kalig′enous, producing alkalies.—n. Kā′lium, potassium.

Kali, kä′lē, n. a carpet with long nap, also the large carpet covering the centre of a Persian room.

Kali, kä′lē, n. a Hindu goddess, wife of Siva, the dark goddess of destruction—called also Durga.

Kalif, kā′lif, n. Same as Calif.

Kaliyuga, kal-i-yōō′ga, n. in Hindu mythology, the present age of the world, the fourth, characterised by universal degeneracy.

Kalmia, kal′mi-ä, n. a genus of North American evergreen shrubs, including the American mountain laurel. [From Peter Kalm, pupil of Linnæus.]

Kalmuck, kal′muk, n. a member of a Mongolian race.—Also Cal′muck. [Russ.]

Kalology, kal-ol′o-ji, n. the science of beauty in itself considered. [Gr. kalos, beautiful, logia, discourse.]

Kalong, ka-long′, n. a general name of the large fruit-bats, flying foxes, &c.

Kalotype. Same as Calotype.

Kalpa, kal′pa, n. a day of Brahma, a period of 4320 million years.—Also Cal′pa. [Sans., 'formation.']

Kalpis, kal′pis, n. a three-handled water-vase. [Gr.]

Kalsomine, an incorrect form of calcimine, which see under Calcium.

Kalyptra, ka-lip′tra, n. a thin veil worn by Greek women over the hair.

Kam, käm, adj. (Shak.) crooked.

Kama, kä′ma, n. the god of love in the Purânas: impure desire.—Also Cama, Ka′madeva.

Kamera, kam′ė-ra, n. a room. See Camera.

Kames, kāmz, n.pl. (geol.) banks and ridges of gravel, sand, &c., associated with the glacial deposits of Scotland—the same as åsar (q.v.) and eskar.

Kami, kä′mi, n. a Japanese term for a lord, for any of the national gods, demi-gods, or deified heroes, or any of their supposed descendants, as the mikados and the imperial family. [Japanese, 'superior.']

Kamichi, kam′i-chi, n. the horned screamer.

Kamila, Kamela, ka-mē′la, n. an East Indian orange dye-stuff yielded by a common Madras tree of the spurge family.

Kamis, Kamees, ka-mēs′, n. the long loose sleeved shirt worn by men in Mohammedan countries.

Kampong, kam-pong′, n. an enclosed space. [Malay.]

Kamptulicon, kamp-tū′li-kon, n. a ground cork and caoutchouc floorcloth. [Gr. kamptein, to bend.]

Kamsin. See Khamsin.

Kana, kä′na, n. Japanese writing, as distinguished from Japanese written in Chinese characters.

Kanaka, ka-nak′a, n. a Hawaiian or Sandwich Islander: one of the native labourers brought from the Pacific islands, on engagement for a certain fixed number of years, to Australia, &c. [Hawaiian, 'a man.']

Kaneh, kä′ne, n. a Hebrew measure of 6 cubits length.—Also Cā′neh.

Kang, kang, n. a large Chinese water-jar: an oven-like brick structure in northern China, for sleeping on at night, a fire being lighted underneath.

Kangaroo, kang-gar-ōō′, n. a large marsupial mammal of Australia, with very long hind-legs and great power of leaping.—n. Kangaroo′-grass, a valuable Australian fodder grass.

Kans, kanz, n. a common Indian grass, allied to the sugar-cane.

Kanten, kan′ten, n. a gelatinous substance extracted from seaweeds, used for soups and for sizing. [Jap.]

Kantian, kan′shi-an, adj. pertaining to the doctrines of, or belonging to, the great German philosopher, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).—ns. Kan′tianism, Kant′ism, the doctrines or philosophy of Kant; Kant′ist, a disciple or follower of Kant.

Kantikoy, Canticoy, kan′ti-koi, n. a religious dance among American Indians, a dancing-match.—v.i. to dance as an act of worship.

Kanuck, ka-nuk′, n. (U.S.) a Canadian.—Also Canuck′. [Ind.]

Kaolin, kä′o-lin, n. same as China clay. [From the mountain Kao-ling ('high ridge') in China.]

Kapellmeister, kä-pel′mīs-ter, n. the director of an orchestra or choir, esp. the band of a ruling prince in Germany. [Ger. kapelle, chapel, orchestra, meister, master.]

Kapnography, kap-nog′ra-fi, n. the art of producing decorative designs on a smoked surface with a fine point, shading by successive deposits of carbon from a flame, fixed by varnish.—adj. Kapnograph′ic. [Gr. kapnos, smoke, graphia—graphein, to write.]

Kapok, ka-pok′, n. a cottony or silky fibre covering the seeds of a species of silk-cotton tree, used for stuffing pillows, &c.

Karaite, kā′rä-īt, n. one of a stricter sect of Jews who cling to the literal interpretation of Scripture as against oral tradition. [Heb. karaīm, readers.]

Karma, kär′mä, n. the Buddhist conception of the quality of actions, including both merit and demerit, determining the future condition of all sentient beings by a sort of virtue inherent in the nature of things—by the blind and unconscious but inevitable concatenation of cause and effect: the theory of inevitable consequence generally: the result of the actions of a life.—adj. Kar′mic. [Sans. karma, work.]

Karmathian, kär-mā′thi-an, n. a member of a pantheistic socialistic Mohammedan sect which arose in Turkey about the close of the 9th century. [Karmat, its founder.]

Karob, kar′ob, n. among goldsmiths, the twenty-fourth part of a grain.

Karroo, ka-rōō′, n. a generic name given to the high barren plains of Cape Colony.—Also Karoo′. [Hottentot, karusa, hard.]

Kassu, kas′ōō, n. a kind of catechu made from the fruit of the betel-nut palm.

Kat, kat, n. the chief ancient Egyptian unit of weight, 1⁄50 lb. avoirdupois.

Katabolism, kat-ab′ol-izm, n. (biol.) the discharging or disruptive process to which protoplasm is constantly subject—the opposite of Anabolism, the up-building, constructive process.—Also Catab′olism. [Gr. katabolē, kataballein, to throw down.]

Katakana, kat-a-kä′na, n. one of the two styles of writing the syllabary of 48 letters in use among the Japanese (the other being Hiragana), used chiefly for proper names and foreign words.

Katydid, kā-ti-did′, n. an American insect akin to the grasshopper. [Imit. of its note.]

Kauri-pine, kow′ri-pīn, n. a splendid forest-tree of New Zealand, yielding the well-known Kau′ri-gum, a resin used in making varnish.

Kava, kä′va, n. Piper methysticum, also the narcotic drink prepared from it.—Also A′va.

Kavass, ka-vas′, n. an armed man attendant on a person of distinction in Turkey.—Also Cavass′. [Turk. qawas.]

Kaw. Same as Caw.

Kay. Same as Cay.

Kayak, ka′yak, n. a canoe used in Greenland, made of seal-skins stretched on a frame.

Kea, kē′ä, n. a New Zealand parrot that kills sheep.

Keb, keb, v.i. (Scot.) to cast a lamb prematurely.—n. a ewe which has cast its lamb: a sheep louse or tick.

Kebbie, keb′i, n. (Scot.) a cudgel.

Kebbock, keb′uk. n. (Scot.) a cheese.—Also Kebb′uck. [Gael. cabag, a cheese.]

Keblah. See Kiblah.

Keck, kek, v.i. to retch, feel loathing.—n. a retching.

Keck, Kecksy. See Kex.

Keckle, kek′l, v.t. to preserve or protect by binding with old rope or chains, as a cable:—pr.p. keck′ling; pa.p. keck′led.—n. Keck′ling, rope, chains, &c. used to keckle cables or hawsers.

Kedge, kej, n. a small anchor for keeping a ship steady, and for warping the ship.—v.t. to move by means of a kedge, to warp.—n. Kedg′er, a kedge. [Scand.; cf. Sw. prov. keka, to drive slowly.]

Kedge, kej, adj. (prov.) brisk, lively: pot-bellied.—Also Kedg′y, Kidge.

Kedjeree, kej′e-rē, n. a mess of rice, cooked with butter and the dholl pea, flavoured with spice, shred onion, &c., common all over India, and often served at Anglo-Indian breakfast-tables. [Hind. khichrī.]

Keech, kēch, n. (Shak.) a lump of fat. [Cake.]

Keek, kēk, v.i. (Scot.) to peep.—n. a peep.—ns. Keek′er, an inspector of mining; Keek′ing-glass, a mirror. [M. E. kyken; cf. Dut. kijken, Ger. kucken.]

Keel, kēl, n. the part of a ship extending along the bottom from stem to stern, and supporting the whole frame: a low flat-bottomed boat: a Tyne coal-barge: a ship generally: (bot.) the lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower.—v.t. or v.i. to plough with a keel, to navigate: to turn keel upwards.—n. Keel′age, dues for a keel or ship in port.—adj. Keeled (bot.) keel-shaped: having a prominence on the back.—ns. Keel′er, Keel′man, one who works on a barge.—v.t. Keel′haul, to punish by hauling under the keel of a ship by ropes from the one side to the other: to treat a subordinate in a galling manner. [A.S. ceól, a ship; Ger. and Dut. kiel; prob. confused with Ice. kiölr, a keel.]

Keel, kēl, v.t. (Shak.) to cool. [A.S. célan, to chill.]

Keel, kēl, n. (Scot.) red chalk, ruddle.—v.t. to mark with ruddle. [Prob. Gael. cil, ruddle.]

Keelie, kē′li, n. (Scot.) the kestrel: a street Arab or young rough. [Imit.]

Keeling, kē′ling, n. (Scot.) a codfish.

Keelivine, kē′li-vīn, n. (Scot.) a lead pencil.—Also Kee′lyvine. [See keel, ruddle; ety. dub.]

Keelson, Kelson, kel′sun, n. an inner keel placed right over the outer keel of a ship, and securely fastened thereto. [Sw. kölsvin, Norw. kjölsvill, the latter syllable=Ger. schwelle, Eng. sill.]

Keen, kēn, adj. eager: sharp, having a fine edge: piercing: acute of mind: penetrating: intense.—adv. Keen′ly.—n. Keen′ness. [A.S. céne; Ger. kühn, bold; Ice. kænn, wise. Cog. with ken and can.]

Keen, kēn, n. a lamentation over the dead.—v.i. to wail over the dead.—n. Keen′er, a professional mourner. [Ir. caoine.]

Keep, kēp, v.t. to have the care of: to guard: to maintain: to manage: to have in one's service: to hold for one's own use or enjoyment: to remain in: to adhere to: to practise: not to lose: to maintain hold upon: to restrain from departure: to preserve in a certain state: to maintain: to fulfill.—v.i. to remain in any position or state: to remain fresh: to last or endure: to continue: to adhere: to have rooms at college (Cambridge):—-pr.p. keep′ing; pa.t. and pa.p. kept.—n. that which keeps or protects: subsistence: food: the innermost and strongest part of a castle, the donjon: a stronghold.—ns. Keep′er, an attendant, manager, owner: a gamekeeper: socket, guard-ring; Keep′ership, office of a keeper; Keep′ing, care: custody: charge: (Shak.) maintenance, support: just proportion, harmony: (paint.) due proportion of light and shade; Keep′ing-room, a sitting-room, parlour; Keep′sake, something given to be kept for the sake of the giver—the name used often to be applied to the annuals or sumptuous gift-books so much in vogue about 1830.—Keep an act, to hold an academical disputation; Keep an eye on, Keep company, chapel, counsel, distance, hours, house, the peace, &c. (see the nouns); Keep a term (see Term); Keep at it, to persist in anything; Keep back, to withhold: keep down, to repress (see also Dark); Keep body and soul together, to maintain life; Keep down, to restrain; Keep from, to abstain from: to remain away from; Keep going in a thing, to keep one supplied with it; Keep in, to prevent from escaping: to confine a pupil in the schoolroom after school hours: to conceal: to restrain; Keep in with, to maintain the confidence or friendship of some one; Keep off, to hinder from approaching or making an attack; Keep one's countenance, to preserve a calm appearance, hiding one's emotions; Keep one's hand in, to retain one's skill by means of constant practice; Keep the breath to cool one's porridge, to confine attention to one's own affairs; Keep the powder dry, to keep one's energies ready for action; Keep to, to stick closely to: to confine one's self to; Keep under, to hold down in restraint; Keep up, to retain one's strength or spirit: to support, prevent from falling: to continue, to prevent from ceasing: to maintain in good condition. [A.S. cépan, orig. to traffic, hence to store up, keep—ceáp, price.]

Keeve, kēv, n. a large tub. [A.S. cýfe, vat.]

Keg, keg, n. a small cask or barrel. [Ice. kaggi.]

Keir, kēr, n. a bleaching-vat.

Kelk, kelk, v.t. (prov.) to beat.—n. a blow.

Kell, kel, n. (prov.) a film, network.

Kelp, kelp, n. the calcined ashes of seaweed, once used in making glass.—Also Kilp. [Ety. unknown.]

Kelpie, Kelpy, kel′pi, n. (Scot.) a malignant water-sprite haunting fords in the form of a horse.

Kelson. Same as Keelson.

Kelt, kelt, n. a salmon that has just spawned.

Kelt, kelt, n. (Scot.) cloth made of black and white wool mixed and not dyed.—adj. Kel′ter, made of such.

Kelt, Keltic. Same as Celt, Celtic.

Keltie, Kelty, kel′ti, n. (Scot.) a bumper imposed as a penalty on one who does not drink fair.

Kemb, kem, v.t. to comb. [A.S. cemban, to comb.]

Kemp, kemp, n. the coarse rough hairs of wool: (pl.) knotty hair which will not felt.

Kemp, kemp, n. (arch.) a champion: (Scot.) a contest in work, &c.—v.i. to strive for mastery.—ns. Kem′per, Kem′pery-man, a champion, a knight-errant. [A.S. cempa, a warrior. Cf. champion.]

Ken, ken, v.t. to know: (arch.) to see and recognise at a distance.—n. range of knowledge or sight.—n. Ken′ning (Bacon), range of vision: (Scot.) a small portion.—adj. Ken′speckle (Scot.), conspicuous—also Ken′speck. [Ice. kenna, orig. to cause to know. Cf. can and know.]

Ken, ken, n. (slang) a house. [Perh. Pers. khān, a caravansary; not conn. with kennel.]

Kendal-green, ken′dal-grēn, n. green cloth for foresters made at Kendal in Westmorland.

Kennel, ken′el, n. a house for dogs: a pack of hounds: the hole of a fox, &c.: a haunt.—v.t. to keep in a kennel.—v.i. to live in a kennel:—pr.p. kenn′elling; pa.p. kenn′elled. [Norm. Fr. kenil (Fr. chenil)—L. canīle—canis, a dog.]

Kennel, ken′el, n. the water-course of a street: a gutter. [A form of canal.]

Kennel-coal. Same as Cannel-coal.

Kennick, ken′ik, n. the jargon of tramping tinkers.

Kenosis, ken-ō′sis, n. the self-limitation on the part of the Logos in the act of incarnation, his emptying of himself, or his laying aside not only his divine attributes, but even his divine self-consciousness, only to be fully recovered at the ascension.—adj. Kenot′ic.—n. Kenot′icist. [Gr., from the phrase in Phil. ii. 6, 7, 'who, being in the form of God ... emptied himself (ἑαυτὸν ἐκένωσε), taking the form of a servant.']

Kent, kent, n. (Scot.) a pole, pike.—v.i. to propel a boat by a pole. [Prob. a variant of the verb cant.]

Kentish, kent′ish, adj. pertaining to Kent.—ns. Kent′ish-fire, rounds of noisy applause at political meetings—from the anti-Catholic demonstrations in Kent, 1828-29; Kent′ish-rag, a rough fossiliferous limestone found in Kent.

Kentledge, kent′lej, n. pig-iron laid in a ship's hold for ballast.—Also Kint′ledge.

Kep, kep, v.t. (Scot.) to catch. [Keep.]

Kephalic. Same as Cephalic.

Kepi, kep′i, n. a flat-topped forage-cap with a straight peak. [Fr. képi.]

Keplerian, kep-lē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to the great German astronomer, Johann Kepler (1571-1630).—For Kepler's laws, see Law.

Kept, pa.t. and pa.p. of keep.

Keramic. Same as Ceramic.

Kerasine, ker′a-sin, adj. like or made of horn.—ns. Keratī′asis, a morbid condition characterised by warty or horny growths; Ker′atin, a nitrogenous compound, the essential ingredient of horny tissue, as of horns, nails, &c. [Gr. keras, a horn.]

Keratitis, ker-a-tī′tis, n. inflammation of the cornea, either acute or chronic.—n. Keratal′gia, pain in the cornea.

Kerbstone, kėrb′stōn, n. a form of curbstone.

Kerchief, kėr′chif, n. any loose cloth used in dress: (orig.) a square piece of cloth worn by women to cover the head.—v.t. to cover or dress with a kerchief.—adjs. Ker′chiefed, Ker′chieft. [M. E. couerchef—O. Fr. covrechef (Fr. couvrechef)—covrir, to cover, chef, the head.]

Kerf, kerf, n. the groove made by a saw: wool cut off at once by a wool-shearing machine: a single layer of hay, turf, &c., cut.

Kerion, kē′ri-on, n. a suppurative inflammation of the hair-follicles of the scalp. [Gr.]

Kerite, kē′rīt, n. a kind of artificial vulcanite of india-rubber and animal or vegetable oil. [Gr. kēros, wax.]

Kermes, kėr′mēz, n. a dye-stuff which consists of the bodies of the females of a species of coccus. [Pers.]

Kermess, kėr′mes, n. a wake or fair in the Low Countries. [Dut. kermis—kerk, church, mis, mass.]

Kern. See Quern.

Kern, kėrn n. (Scot.) the last sheaf of the harvest: a harvest-home—also Kirn.—n. Kern′-bā′by, an image decorated with blades of corn, &c., carried before reapers at their harvest-home. [A variant of corn.]

Kern, Kerne, kėrn, n. an Irish foot-soldier: a boor.—adj. Kern′ish, clownish. [Ir. ceatharnach.]

Kern, kėrn, v.i. to granulate.

Kern, kėrn, n. (print.) that part of a type which overhangs the stem or shank.

Kernel, kėr′nel, n. anything in a husk or shell: the substance in the shell of a nut: the seed of a pulpy fruit: the important part of anything.—adj. Ker′nelly, full of, or resembling, kernels. [A.S. cyrnel—corn, grain, and dim. suffix -el; Ger. kern, a grain.]

Kerosene, ker′o-sēn, n. an oil obtained from bituminous coal, used for lamps, &c. [Gr. kēros, wax.]

Kersey, kėr′zi, n. a coarse woollen cloth. [Perh. from Kersey in Suffolk.]

Kerseymere, kėr′zi-mēr or kėr-zi-mėr′, n. twilled cloth of the finest wools. [A corr. of cassimere, cashmere.]

Kerve, kėrv, v.t. (Spens.) a form of carve.

Kesar, kē′zar, n. Same as Kaiser.

Kestrel, kes′trel, n. a small species of falcon. [O. Fr. quercerelle—L. querquedula.]

Ket, ket, n. (Scot.) carrion. [Ice. kjöt.]

Ket, ket, n. matted wool. [Scot.]

Ketch, kech, n. a small two-masted vessel, generally used as a yacht or a bomb-vessel. [Corr. from Turk. qaíq, a boat, whence Fr. caïque.]

Ketchup, kech′up, n. a sauce for flavouring soups, meats, &c., flavoured with mushrooms, tomatoes, &c.—Also Catch′up, Cat′sup. [East Ind. kitjap.]

Kettle, ket′l, n. a vessel of metal, for heating or boiling liquids: a cavity like a kettle in rock, sand, &c.: (Shak.) kettle-drum.—ns. Kett′le-drum, a musical instrument now used chiefly in orchestras and in cavalry bands, consisting of a hollow brass hemisphere with a parchment head, sounded by soft-headed elastic drumsticks: a tea-party; Kett′le-drum′mer; Kett′le-hold′er, a little mat, &c., for holding a kettle when hot.—n.pl. Kett′le-pins, skittle-pins.—A kettle of fish, or A pretty kettle of fish, a task of great difficulty, an awkward mess—most probably in this sense connected with kiddle. [A.S. cetel; Ger. kessel, Goth. katils; all perh. from L. catillus, dim. of catinus, a deep cooking-vessel.]

Kex, keks, n. the dry stalk of the hemlock or other umbelliferous plants.—Also Kecks, Keck′sy (prop. adj.), and Keck.

Key, kē, n. an instrument for shutting or opening a lock: that by which something is screwed or turned: the middle stone of an arch: a piece of wood let into another piece crosswise to prevent warping: (mus.) one of the small levers in musical instruments for producing notes: the fundamental note of a piece of music: that which explains a mystery: a book containing answers to exercises, &c.—ns. Key′board, the keys or levers in a piano or organ arranged along a flat board; Key′-bū′gle, a bugle with keys, having a compass of two octaves including semitones.—adjs. Key′-cold (Shak.), cold as a key, lifeless; Keyed, furnished with keys, as a musical instrument: set to a particular key, as a tune.—ns. Key′hole, the hole in which a key of a door, &c., is inserted; Key′note, the key or fundamental note of a piece of music; any central principle or controlling thought; Key′-pin, the pivot on which a pipe-key turns: a pin serving as fulcrum for a key of an organ, &c.; Key′-plate, the escutcheon around a keyhole; Key′ring, a ring for holding a bunch of keys; Key′-seat, a groove for receiving a key, to prevent one piece of machinery from turning on another; Key′stone, the stone at the apex of an arch: the chief element in any system.—Have the key of the street (coll.), to be locked out: to be homeless; Power of the keys, the power to loose and bind, to administer ecclesiastical discipline—a special authority conferred by Christ on Peter (Matt. xvi. 19), or Peter in conjunction with the other apostles, and claimed by the popes as the alleged successors to St Peter. Others explain it as belonging only to the apostles themselves, as descending to the bishops and clergy of the Christian Church, or as belonging to all Christ's disciples alike. [A.S. cæg, a key.]

Key, kē, n. (Dryden). Same as Quay.

Key, kē, n. a low island near the coast.—Also Cay.

Keys, kēz, n.pl. a contraction of House of Keys, a house of 24 representatives constituting the lower branch of the Legislature (Court of Tynwald) of the Isle of Man, self-elective down to 1866. [Manx kiare-as-feed, four-and-twenty.]

Khaki, kä′ki, adj. dust-coloured.—n. a light drab cloth used for some East Indian and other uniforms.

Khalif. See Calif.

Khamsin, kam′sin, n. a hot south-west wind in Egypt, blowing for about fifty days from about the middle of March. [Ar.]

Khan, kan, n. an Eastern inn, a caravansary. [Turk.,—Pers. khāna, a house, a tent.]

Khan, kan, n. in North Asia, a prince or chief: in Persia, a governor.—n. Khan′ate, the dominion or jurisdiction of a khan. [Pers. khān, lord or prince, a Tartar word.]

Khedive, ked-ēv′, n. the title since 1867 of the viceroy or ruler of Egypt.—n. Khedi′viate, the office of the khedive, or his territory. [Fr.,—Pers. khadīw, prince.]

Khel, kel, n. in Afghanistan, a clan or family connection—a sociological group between the tribe and the family.

Khitmutgar, kit′mut-gar, n. a table-servant, under-butler. [Hind.]

Khutbah, kut′ba, n. a Mohammedan prayer and sermon delivered in the mosques on Fridays.—Also Khot′bah.

Kiaugh, kyōh, n. (Scot.) care, trouble.

Kibble, kib′l, n. the bucket of a draw-well.—n. Kibb′le-chain, the chain for drawing up a bucket.

Kibe, kīb, n. a chilblain. [W. cibwst, from cib, a cup, gwst, a disease.]

Kibitka, ki-bit′ka, n. a Russian wagon. [Russ.]

Kiblah, kib′la, n. the point toward which Mohammedans turn in prayer.—Also Keb′lah.

Kick, kik, v.t. to hit with the foot.—v.i. to thrust out the foot with violence: to show opposition or resistance: (of a gun) to recoil violently (see also Bullet): (print.) to work a press by impact of the foot on a treadle.—n. a blow with the foot: the turn of kicking the ball at football, the person who kicks or kicks off: the recoil of a gun: (slang) fashion.—adj. Kick′able.—ns. Kick′er, one who kicks, esp. a horse; Kick′-off, the first kick in a game of football; Kick′-up, a disturbance.—Kick over the traces, to throw off control; Kick, or Strike, the beam, to rise, as the lighter scale of a balance, so as to strike against the beam—hence to be of little weight or importance; Kick the bucket (see Bucket); Kick up a dust or row, to create a disturbance.—Drop kick, a kick made as the ball, dropped from the hand, rebounds from the ground; Place kick, a kick made when the ball is lying on the ground. [M. E. kiken—W. cicio, to kick, Gael. ceig.]

Kickshaws, kik′shawz, n. something uncommon or fantastical that has no name: (cook.) a fantastical dish. [Corr. of Fr. quelque chose, something.]

Kicksy-wicksy, kik′si-wik′si, adj. flickering, uncertain.—n. (Shak.) a wife.

Kid, kid, n. a young goat: (slang) a child, esp. a boy: (pl.) gloves of kid leather.—adj. made of kid leather or imitation kid leather.—v.t. and v.i. to bring forth a goat:—pr.p. kid′ding; pa.p. kid′ded.—ns. Kid′-fox (Shak.), a young fox; Kid′ling, a young kid. [Dan. kid; cf. Ice. kidh; Ger. kitze, a young goat.]

Kid, kid, n. a small tub.—Also Kit.

Kid, kid, n. a fagot, a bundle of sticks. [Prob. W. cidys, fagots.]

Kid, kid, v.t. and v.i. (slang) to hoax—also Kid′dy.—n. a deception. [Perh. conn. with kid, a child.]

Kidder, kid′er, n. a forestaller, huckster.

Kidderminster, kid′ėr-min-stėr, n. a kind of carpet (two-ply or ingrain carpet), from the town.

Kiddle, kid′l, n. a stake-fence set in a stream for catching fish.—Also Kid′el, Kett′le. [O. Fr. quidel; prob. Bret. kidel.]

Kidnap, kid′nap, v.t. to steal, as a human being:—pr.p. kid′napping; pa.t. and pa.p. kid′napped.—n. Kid′napper. [Vulgar kid (old thieves' cant, kinchin—Ger. kindchen), a child, and vulgar nab, to steal.]

Kidney, kid′ni, n. one of two flattened glands, on each side of the loins, which secrete the urine: temperament, humour, disposition—hence, sort or kind, as in 'of the same kidney,' &c.—ns. Kid′ney-bean, a kind of bean shaped like a kidney; Kid′ney-potā′to, one of various kidney-shaped varieties of the common potato; Kid′ney-vetch, a genus of leguminous plants, the only British species being called Lady's Fingers; Kid′ney-wort, a plant of the genus Saxifrage. [M. E. kidnere—Ice. kviðr, the womb, the belly, Ice. nýra (Ger. niere, a kidney).]

Kie-kie, kī′kī, n. a New Zealand high-climbing shrub.

Kieselguhr, kē′zl-gūr, n. the mineral remains of a species of algæ, used in the manufacture of dynamite. [Ger.,—kiesel, flint, guhr, fermentation.]

Kikumon, kik′ōō-mon, n. a badge or crest of the imperial family of Japan, consisting of an open chrysanthemum flower.

Kilderkin, kil′dėr-kin, n. a small barrel: a liquid measure of 18 gallons. [Old Dut. kindeken, kinneken (Scot. kinken), dim. of Dut. kind, a child.]

Kilerg, kil′erg, n. a thousand ergs.

Kiley, kī′le, n. a boomerang.—Also Ky′ley.

Kill, kil, v.t. to put to death, to slay: to nullify or neutralise, to weaken or dilute, to render inactive: to reject, discard: to fascinate, overcome.—n. the act of killing, as game.—ns. Kill′-court′esy (Shak.), a discourteous, boorish person; Kill′-crop, a changeling; Kill′er, one who kills, a slaughterer or butcher: a club for killing fish: a ferocious delphinid which sometimes attacks the whale.—p.adj. Kill′ing, depriving of life: destructive: deadly, irresistible: completely fascinating.—n. and adj. Kill′joy, a mar-sport, austere.—Kill by inches, by gradual means, as by torture; Kill off, to exterminate; Kill time, to consume spare time, as with amusements, &c.; Kill two birds with one stone, to effect one thing by the way, or by the same means with which another thing is done; Kill up (Shak.), to exterminate.—Killing times, the days of the persecution of the Covenanters.—Do a thing to kill, in an irresistible manner. [M. E. killen or cullen—Ice. kolla, to hit on the head—kollr, the head; not a doublet of quell.]

Killadar, kil′a-dar, n. the commandant of a fort or garrison. [Hind.]

Killas, kil′as, n. clay slate, in Cornwall.

Killdee, kil′dē, n. the largest variety of North American ring-plover. [Imit.]

Killock, kil′ok, n. a small anchor, the fluke of such.

Killogie, ki-lō′gi, n. (Scot.) the furnace of a kiln.

Killut, kil′ut, n. in India, a robe of honour given: any ceremonial present.—Also Kell′aut.

Kilmarnock, kil-mar′nok, n. a kind of closely woven broad bonnet, having a peak of the same material at the top, originally made at Kilmarnock.—Kilmarnock cowl, a kind of nightcap.

Kiln, kil, n. a large oven in which corn, bricks, hops, &c. are dried: bricks placed for burning.—v.t. Kiln′-dry, to dry in a kiln.—n. Kiln′-hole, the mouth of a kiln. [A.S. cyln (Ice. kylna, a drying-house for corn)—L. culina, a kitchen.]

Kilogramme, kil′o-gram, n. a French measure of weight, equal to 1000 grammes, or 21⁄5 lb. avoirdupois. [Gr. chilioi, 1000, gramma, a weight.]

Kilolitre, kil′o-lē-tr, n. 1000 litres.

Kilometre, kil′o-mē-tr, n. a French measure, being 1000 metres, or nearly ⅝ of a mile. [Fr.,—Gr. chilioi, 1000, metron, a measure.]

Kilt, kilt, n. a kind of short petticoat or plaited skirt, forming part of the Highland dress.—v.t. (Scot.) to truss up.—adj. Kilt′ed, dressed in a kilt.—n. Kilt′ie, one wearing a kilt, a soldier in a Highland regiment. [Northern Eng. kilt, to tuck up, from Dan. kilte, to tuck up: cf. Ice. kilting, a skirt.]

Kilt, kilt, (Spens.) pa.p. of kill.

Kilter, kil′tėr, n. order, proper condition—in phrase, 'out of kilter.'—Also Kel′ter.

Kimbo, kim′bo, n. Same as Akimbo.

Kimono, ki-mō′nō, n. a loose robe, fastening with a sash, the principal outer garment in Japan.

Kin, kin, n. persons of the same family: relatives: relationship: affinity.—adj. related.—adj. Kin′less, without relations.—Next of kin, the relatives (lineal or collateral) of a deceased person, among whom his personal property is distributed if he dies intestate; Of kin, of the same kin. [A.S. cynn; Ice. kyn, Goth. kuni, family, race; cog. with L. genus, Gr. genos.]

Kinchin, kin′chin, n. a child in thieves' slang.—n. Kin′chin-mort, a child, generally a girl.—Kinchin lay, the robbing of children. [Cf. kidnap.]

Kincob, kin′kob, n. a rich silk-stuff made in India.

Kind, kīnd, n. those of kin, a race: sort or species, a particular variety: nature: style, method of action, character: produce, as distinguished from money.—adj. having the feelings natural for those of the same family: disposed to do good to others: benevolent.—adj. Kind′-heart′ed.—n. Kind′-heart′edness.—adj. Kind′less (Shak.), destitute of kindness, unnatural.—n. Kind′ness.—adj. Kind′-spok′en, spoken kindly: given to speaking kindly.—Kind of (coll.), somewhat, to some extent—used adverbially with adjectives and even verbs.—Do one's kind (Shak.), to act according to one's nature; In a kind, in a way, to some extent; In kind, payment in goods instead of money. [A.S. cynde—cynn, kin.]

Kind, kind, v.t. (Spens.) to beget. [From kin.]

Kindergarten, kin′dėr-gär′tn, n. an infant school on Froebel's principle (1826), in which object-lessons and games figure largely.—n. Kindergart′ner, a teacher in a kindergarten. [Ger. kinder, children, garten, garden.]

Kindle, kin′dl, v.t. to set fire to: to light: to inflame, as the passions: to provoke: to excite to action.—v.i. to take fire: to begin to be excited: to be roused.—ns. Kin′dler; Kin′dling, the act of causing to burn: the materials for commencing a fire. [Ice. kyndyll, a torch—L. candela, candle.]

Kindle, kin′dl, v.t. (Shak.) to bring forth (young). [M. E. kindlen—kinde, kind.]

Kindly, kīnd′li, adj. natural: benevolent: (orig.) belonging to the kind or race.—n. Kind′liness.—adv. Kind′ly.—adj. Kind′ly-nā′tured.—Kindly tenant (Scot.), a tenant of the same stock as his landlord, or who held his lands in succession, from father to son, for several generations.

Kindred, kin′dred, n. relationship by blood, less properly, by marriage: relatives: (pl., B.) families.—adj. related: congenial. [M. E. kinrede—A.S. cynn, kin, and the suffix -ræden, expressing mode or state.]

Kine, kīn, n.pl. (B.) cows. [M. E. ky-en, a doubled plural of A.S. cú, a cow, the plural of which is cý; cf. Scotch kye.]

Kinematics, kin-e-mat′iks, n. the science which treats of motion without reference to force.—adjs. Kinemat′ic, -al. [Gr. kinēma, -atos, motion—kinein, to move.]

Kinematograph, kin-e-mat′o-graf, n. an arrangement by which a numerous series of photographs, taken at rapid intervals, and representing some moving scene, is shown on a screen at the same rapid rate at which they were taken, giving a moving representation of the original scene—less correct but more common form, Cinemat′ograph (sin-). [Gr. kinēma, kinēmatos, motion, graphein, to write.]

Kinesipathy, kin-ē-sip′a-thi, n. a mode of treating disease by muscular movements, movement-cure—-also Kinesither′apy.—adjs. Kinesiat′ric, Kinesipath′ic.—n. Kinesip′athist.

Kinetics, ki-net′iks, n. the science which treats of the action of force in producing or changing motion.—adjs. Kinet′ic, -al.—ns. Kinet′ograph, a device by which a series of photographs of a moving object can be thrown on a screen so as to imitate the motion of the original; Kinet′oscope, an instrument for illustrating the production of kinematic curves by the combination of circular movements of different radii. [Gr. kinētikos—kinein, to move.]

King, king, n. the chief ruler of a nation: a monarch: a playing-card having the picture of a king: the most important piece in chess: a crowned man in draughts: one who is pre-eminent among his fellows:—fem. Queen.—v.t. to play king.—ns. King′-at-arms, or King′-of-arms, a chief officer of the Heralds' Colleges, whose designations are, for England, Norroy, Clarencieux, and Garter; for Scotland, Lyon; and for Ireland, Ulster; King′-bird, an American tyrant fly-catcher; King′crab, the chief or largest of the crab genus, most common in the Molucca Islands; King′craft, the art of governing, mostly in a bad sense; King′cup, the buttercup or upright meadow crowfoot; King′dom, the state or attributes of a king: the territory of a king: government: a region: one of the three grand divisions of Natural History, as the animal, vegetable, or mineral.—adj. King′domed (Shak.), endowed with kingly power, proud.—ns. King′fisher, a bird with very brilliant plumage, feeding on fish, the halcyon; King′hood, kingship: kingliness.—adj. King′less.—ns. King′let, King′ling, a little or petty king: the golden-crested wren.—ns. King′lihood, King′liness.—adj. King′-like.—adj. King′ly, belonging or suitable to a king: royal: noble—also adv.—ns. King′-mak′er, one who has the creating of kings in his power; King′post, a perpendicular beam in the frame of a roof rising from the tie-beam to the ridge; King's′-cush′ion, a seat formed by two people's hands; King's′-ē′vil, a scrofulous disease or evil formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of the king; King′ship, the state, office, or dignity of a king; King's′-hood, the second stomach of a ruminant, sometimes humorously for the human stomach; King's′-spear, a plant of the genus Asphodel; King's′-yell′ow, arsenic trisulphide or orpiment; King′-vul′ture, a large tropical brilliantly-coloured American vulture; King′wood, a beautiful Brazilian wood—also Violet-wood.—King Charles spaniel (see Spaniel); King Log, a do-nothing king, as opp. to King Stork, one who devours his frog-subjects—from Æsop's fable; King Mob, the vulgar multitude; King of beasts, the lion; King of metals, gold; King of terrors, death; King of the forest, the oak; King's Bench, the bench or seat of the king: one of the high courts of law, so called because the king used to sit there, called Queen's Bench during a queen's reign; King's counsel an honorary rank of barristers; King's evidence, a criminal allowed to become a witness against an accomplice.—Kingdom come (slang), the state after death.—Three kings of Cologne, the three Wise Men of the East, Gaspar, Melchior, and Balthazar. [A.S. cyning—cyn, a tribe, with suffix -kin; cog. with kin.]

Kinic, kin′ik, adj. pertaining to cinchona, cinchonic.

Kink, kingk, n. a twist in a string, rope, &c.—also Kink′le.—v.i. and v.t. to twist.—adj. Kink′y, full of kinks: woolly: crotchety. [Scand.; Sw. and Norw. kink.]

Kink, kingk, v.i. to cough loudly, gasp for breath.—n. a convulsive cough or gasp.—n. Kink′cough, whooping-cough, chincough (q.v.).

Kinkajou, kin′ka-jōō, n. a South American quadruped allied to the raccoon.

Kino, kē′no, n. an astringent vegetable exudation resembling catechu. [East Indian.]

Kinsfolk, kinz′fōk, n. folk or people kindred or related to one another.—ns. Kin′ship, relationship; Kins′man, a man of the same kin or race with another:—fem. Kins′woman.

Kiosk, ki-osk′, n. an Eastern garden pavilion: a small shop like a sentry-box for the sale of papers, &c. [Turk.,—Pers. kushk.]

Kip, kip, v.i. (Scot.) to play truant.

Kip, kip, n. the skin of a young animal.—n. Kip′skin, leather made from the skin of young cattle, intermediate between calf-skin and cow-hide.

Kip, kip, n. a level or slight incline at the end of an underground way, on which the tubs of coal stand till hoisted up the shaft.

Kip, kip, n. a house of ill-fame.—Also Kip′shop.

Kipe, kīp, n. (prov.) an osier basket for catching pike.

Kippage, kip′āj, n. (Scot.) a fit of temper, a rage.

Kipper, kip′ėr, n. a male salmon after the spawning season: a salmon split open, seasoned, and dried.—v.t. to cure or preserve, as a salmon or haddock. [Dut. kippen, to seize; Norw. kippa.]

Kirbeh, kir′be, n. a skin for holding water. [Ar.]

Kirimon, kē′ri-mon, n. one of the two imperial crests of Japan, bearing three leaves and three flowers of paulownia.

Kirk, kėrk, n. in Scotland, a church—sometimes 'the Kirk' means the Established Church specially.—ns. Kirk′in, the first attendance of a pair after marriage, of a magistrate after election; Kirk′-sess′ion, the lowest court in Presbyterian churches, being the governing body of a particular congregation; Kirk′ton (Scot.), the village in which the parish church stands; Kirk′yard, a graveyard.—Auld Kirk, the Established Church in Scotland—by association of ideas, (coll.) the whisky bottle, whisky. [A Northern Eng. form of church.]

Kirschwasser, kērsh′väs-ser, n. a liqueur made from the wild cherry. [Ger., 'cherry water.']

Kirtle, kėr′tl, n. a sort of gown or outer petticoat: a mantle.—adj. Kir′tled. [A.S. cyrtel; Dan. kiortel; Ice. kyrtill: perh. conn. with skirt and shirt.]

Kismet, kis′met, n. fate, destiny. [Turk. qismet.]

Kiss, kis, v.t. to press one's lips to in affection or reverence: to treat with fondness: to touch gently: to collide (of two billiard-balls).—v.i. to salute with the lips.—n. a salute with the lips.—ns. Kiss′-curl, a small curl at the side of the forehead; Kiss′er; Kiss′ing-com′fit, a perfumed comfit for sweetening the breath; Kiss′ing-crust, that part of the upper crust of the loaf which, while baking, overhangs the edge and touches another.—n.pl. Kiss′ing-strings, cap or bonnet strings tied under the chin.—n. Kiss′-me, the wild form of Viola tricolor, the pansy: a short veil: a small bonnet—also Kiss′-me-quick.—Kiss hands, to kiss the sovereign's hands on a minister's acceptance of office; Kiss of peace, a kiss of greeting exchanged between the members of the early Church, a shadow of which survives in the kissing of the pax at high mass; Kiss the book, to kiss a copy of the New Testament, in England, after taking a legal oath; Kiss the dust, to be felled to the ground, to be slain or vanquished; Kiss the gunner's daughter, to get a flogging, tied to the breech of a cannon; Kiss the rod, to submit to punishment. [A.S. cyssan, to kiss—coss, a kiss; Ger. küssen, Dan. kys; allied to choose and gust.]

Kist, kist, n. (Scot.) a chest.—Kist o' whistles, an organ. [A.S. cist.]

Kistvaen, kist′vā-en, n. a burial-chamber made of flat stones, and shaped like a chest. [W. cist, chest, maen, stone.]

Kit, kit, n. a small wooden tub: the outfit of necessaries of a soldier, sailor, or mechanic. [Old Dut. kitte, a hooped beer-can.]

Kit, kit, a small pocket violin. [Contracted from A.S. cytere—L. cythara, a guitar.]

Kit, kit, n. a contraction of kitten.—n. Kit′-cat, a game played with sticks and a small piece of wood called a cat.

Kit, kit, n. a family, in phrase 'the whole kit.' [Kith.]

Kitcat, kit′kat, n. the name of a Whig London literary club, which existed from 1700 to about 1720, meeting for some time in the house of a pastry-cook named Christopher Katt: a portrait 36 by 28 inches in size, so called from the portraits of the Kitcat Club painted by Sir G. Kneller.

Kitchen, kich′en, n. a room where food is cooked: a utensil with a stove for dressing food, &c.: anything eaten as a relish with bread, potatoes, &c.—v.t. (Shak.) to regale in the cook-room: to serve as relish to food, to make palatable, to use sparingly, as one would a relish—to make it last.—ns. Kitch′endom, the domain of the kitchen; Kitch′ener, a person employed in the kitchen: a cooking-stove; Kitch′en-fee, the fat which falls from meat in roasting; Kitch′en-gar′den, a garden where vegetables are cultivated for the kitchen; Kitch′en-knave, a scullion; Kitch′en-maid, a maid or servant whose work is in the kitchen; Kitch′en-mid′den (Dan. kjökkenmödding), a prehistoric rubbish-heap in Denmark, the north of Scotland, &c.; Kitch′en-phys′ic, substantial fare (Milt.); Kitch′en-range, a kitchen grate with oven, boiler, &c. attached, for cooking; Kitch′en-stuff, material used in kitchens: kitchen refuse, esp. fat from pots, &c.; Kitch′en-wench, a kitchen-maid. [A.S. cicen; Ger. küche, Fr. cuisine, all from L. coquina—coquĕre, to cook.]

Kite, kīt, n. a rapacious bird of the hawk kind: a rapacious person: a light frame covered with paper for flying in the air, attached to a long cord, by means of which it is steered: a light and lofty sail: an accommodation bill, esp. a mere paper credit.—n. Kite′-fly′ing, the dealing in fictitious accommodation paper to raise money. [A.S. cýta; cf. W. cud, Bret. kidel, a hawk.]

Kite, kīt, n. (Scot.) the belly.—Also Kyte. [A.S. cwith, the womb.]

Kith, kith, n. kindred, acquaintance, obsolete except in the phrase Kith and kin, acquaintances and relatives. [A.S. cúð—cunnan, to know.]

Kitten, kit′n, n. a young cat.—v.i. to bring forth young cats.—n. (Scot.) Kit′ling.—adj. Kitt′enish, frolicsome.—v.i. Kitt′le (Scot.), to bring forth kittens. [M. E. kitoun, dim. of cat.]

Kittiwake, kit′i-wāk, n. a species of gull with long wings and rudimentary hind-toe. [Imit.]

Kittle, kit′l, adj. (Scot.) ticklish, intractable.—v.t. (Scot.) to tickle.—adj. Kitt′ly, easily tickled, sensitive.—n. Kitt′ly-bend′ers (Amer.), running on thin bending ice.

Kiwi, kē′wi, n. a bird of the genus Apteryx found in New Zealand.

Klang, klang, n. (mus.) a complex tone, composed of fundamental and harmonics, as opposed to a simple tone. [Ger.]

Klepht, kleft, n. a Greek or Albanian brigand. [Gr., from kleptein, to steal.]

Kleptomania, klep-to-mā′ni-a, n. a mania for stealing: a morbid impulse to secrete things.—n. Kleptomā′niac. [Gr. kleptein to steal, mania, madness.]

Klick. Same as Click.

Klipdas, klip′das, n. the rock badger.

Klipspringer, klip′spring-ėr, n. a small South African antelope.

Kloof, klōōf, n. a mountain cleft. [S. African Dutch.]

Knack, nak, n. a petty contrivance: a toy: a nice trick: dexterity, adroitness.—n. Knack′iness.—adjs. Knack′ish, Knack′y, cunning, crafty. [Orig. imit.; cf. Gael. cnac, Dut. knak, a crack, Ger. knacken, to crack.]

Knacker, nak′ėr, n. anything that knocks: (pl.) castanets or clappers, bones.

Knacker, nak′ėr, n. a dealer in old horses and dog's-meat: (prov.) a collier's horse. [From Ice. knakkr, a saddle.]

Knag, nag, n. a knot in wood: a peg.—n. Knag′giness, state of being knaggy.—adj. Knag′gy, knotty: rugged. [From a root found in Ir. and Gael. cnag, a knob; cf. Dan. knag, Ger. knagge.]

Knap, nap, v.t. to snap or break with a snapping noise: to break in pieces with blows, as stones: to bite off, nibble:—pr.p. knap′ping; pa.p. knapped.—ns. Knap′bottle, the bladder-campion; Knap′per, one who breaks stones, esp. one who breaks up flint-flakes for gun-flints; Knap′ping-hamm′er (Scot.), a hammer for breaking stones.—v.i. Knap′ple, to nibble. [Dut. knappen, to crack or crush.]

Knap, nap, n. (Bacon) a protuberance, a hillock.—n. Knap′weed, a general name for plants of the genus Centaurea of the composite family—star-thistle, bachelor's buttons. [Conn. with knob, knop.]

Knapsack, nap′sak, n. a provision-sack: a case for necessaries borne by soldiers and travellers. [Dut. knappen, to crack, eat, zak, a sack.]

Knapskull, nap′skul, n. a helmet. [From knap (n.) and skull.]

Knar, när, n. a knot on a tree.—n. Knarl=Gnarl.—adj. Knarred, gnarled, knotty.

Knave, nāv, n. a false, deceitful fellow: a villain: a card bearing the picture of a servant or soldier: (Shak.) a boy.—ns. Knave′-bairn, a male child; Knav′ery, dishonesty; Knave′ship (Scot.), a certain quantity of grain, the due of the miller.—adj. Knav′ish, fraudulent: villainous.—adv. Knav′ishly.—n. Knav′ishness. [A.S. cnafa, cnapa, a boy, a youth; Ger. knabe, knappe.]

Knead, nēd, v.t. to work and press together into a mass, as flour into dough: to operate upon in massage: to mix.—ns. Knead′er; Knead′ing-trough, a trough for kneading. [A.S. cnedan; Ice. knoða, Ger. kneten, to knead.]

Knee, nē, n. the joint between the thigh and shin bones: a piece of timber or metal like a bent knee: (Shak.) a genuflection.—v.t. (Shak.) to kneel to, to go over on one's knees.—n.pl. Knee′-breech′es, breeches extending to just below the knee, as in court-dress.—n. Knee′-cap, the bone above the protuberance of the knee: a cap or strong covering for the knees, used chiefly for horses, to save their knees in case of a fall.—n.pl. Knee′-cords, knee-breeches of corduroy.—adjs. Knee′-crook′ing, obsequious: fawning; Kneed, having knees: (bot.) having angular joints like the knee; Knee′-deep, rising to the knees: sunk to the knees; Knee′-high, rising or reaching to the knees.—ns. Knee′-holl′y, butcher's broom: Knee′-joint, a joint with two pieces at an angle, so as to be very tight when pressed into a straight line; Knee′-pan, a flat, round bone on the front of the knee-joint; Knee′-piece, or -raft′er, an angular piece of timber strengthening a joint where two roof-timbers meet: any defensive appliance covering the knee; Knee′-stop, -swell, a lever worked by the performer's knee, for regulating the wind-supply of a reed-organ, &c.; Knee′-tim′ber, timber bent into a shape suitable for a knee in shipbuilding, &c.; Knee′-trib′ute (Milt.), the homage of kneeling.—Give, or Offer, a knee, to act as second or bottle-holder in a fight, the principal resting on the second's knee during the pauses between the rounds. [A.S. cneów, cneó; Ger. knie, L. genu, Gr. gonu.]

Kneel, nēl, v.i. to bend the knee: to rest or fall on the knee:—pa.t. and pa.p. kneeled, knelt.—n. Kneel′er, one who kneels. [Knee.]

Knell, nel, n. the stroke of a bell: the sound of a bell at a death or funeral.—v.i. to sound as a bell: toll.—v.t. to summon as by a tolling bell. [A.S. cnyllan, to beat noisily; Dut. and Ger. knallen.]

Knelt, nelt, pa.t. and pa.p. of kneel.

Knew, nū, pa.t. of know.

Knickerbockers, nik-ėr-bok′ėrz, n.pl. loose breeches gathered in at the knee.—Also Knick′ers. [From the wide-breeched Dutchmen in 'Knickerbocker's' (Washington Irving's) humorous History of New York, whence Knickerbocker has come to mean the descendant of one of the original Dutch settlers of New York.]

Knick-knack, nik′-nak, n. a trifle or toy.—n. Knick′-knack′ery, knick-knacks collectively. [A doubling of knack.]

Knife, nīf, n. an instrument for cutting: a sword or dagger:—pl. Knives (nīvz).—v.t. to stab with a knife: (Amer.) to try to destroy a political candidate's chances by a treacherous attack.—ns. Knife′-and-fork′, a trencherman; Knife′-board, a board on which knives are cleaned: (coll.) the seat running along the top of an omnibus; Knife′-boy, a boy employed in cleaning knives; Knife′-edge (mech.), a sharp piece of steel like a knife's edge serving as the axis of a balance, &c.; Knife′-grind′er, one who grinds or sharpens knives; Knife′-mon′ey, a knife-shaped bronze currency formerly used in China; Knife′-rest, a glass or metal utensil on which to rest a carving-knife or fork; Knife′-tray, a tray for holding knives.—War to the knife, mortal combat. [A.S. cníf: Ger. kneif, knife, kneifen, to nip.]

Knight, nīt, n. one of gentle birth and bred to arms, admitted in feudal times to a certain honourable military rank: (Shak.) an attendant: a champion: the rank, with the title 'Sir,' next below baronets: a piece used in the game of chess.—v.t. to create a knight.—ns. Knight′age, the collective body of knights; Knight′-bach′elor, one who has been knighted merely, not made a member of any titular order; Knight′-bann′eret, a knight who carried a banner, and who was superior in rank to the knight-bachelor; Knight′-err′ant, a knight who travelled in search of adventures; Knight′-err′antry; Knight′hood, the character or privilege of a knight: the order or fraternity of knights; Knight′hood-err′ant (Tenn.), the body of knights-errant.—adj. Knight′less (Spens.), unbecoming a knight.—n. Knight′liness, the bearing or duties of a knight.—adj. and adv. Knight′ly.—ns. Knight′-mar′shal, formerly an officer of the royal household; Knight′-serv′ice, tenure by a knight on condition of military service.—Knight of industry, a footpad, thief, or sharper; Knight of the carpet, a civil knight, as opposed to a military, so called because created kneeling on a carpet, not the field; Knight of the pestle, an apothecary; Knight of the post, one familiar with the whipping-post or pillory; Knight of the road, a highwayman; Knight of the shire, a member of parliament for a county; Knight's fee, the amount of land with which a knight was invested on his creation; Knights of Labour, in the United States, a national labour organisation; Knights of Malta (see Hospitaller); Knights of St Crispin, shoemakers; Knights of the rainbow, flunkeys from their liveries; Knights of the shears, tailors; Knights of the spigot, tapsters, publicans; Knights of the stick, compositors; Knights of the whip, coachmen; Knights Templars (see Templar). [A.S. cniht Ger. and Dut. knecht, Dan. knegt.]

Knit, nit, v.t. to form into a knot: to tie together: to unite into network by needles: to unite closely, to draw together: to contract.—v.i. to interweave with needles: to grow together:—pr.p. knit′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. knit′ted or knit.—n. (Shak.) a style of knitting.—ns. Knit′ter; Knit′ting, the work of a knitter: union, junction: the network formed by knitting; Knit′ting-machine′, a machine for knitting; Knit′ting-need′le, a long needle or wire used for knitting thread into stockings, &c. [A.S. cnyttan—cnotta, a knot.]

Knitch, nich, n. (prov.) a faggot.

Knittle, nit′l, n. (naut.) a small line made of two or three yarns twisted with the fingers: (pl.) the halves of two yarns in a rope, twisted for pointing.

Knives, pl. of knife.

Knob, nob, n. a hard protuberance: a hard swelling: a round ball.—adj. Knobbed, containing or set with knobs.—n. Knob′biness.—adj. Knob′by, full of knobs: knotty.—n. Knob′stick (slang), a synonym for a blackleg or scab in trades-union slang. [Knop.]

Knobkerrie, nob′ker-i, n. a round-headed stick used as a club and a missile by the Kafirs.

Knock, nok, v.i. to strike with something hard or heavy: to drive or be driven against: to strike for admittance: to rap.—v.t. to strike: to drive against.—n. a sudden stroke: a rap.—adj. Knock′-down, such as to overthrow.—ns. Knock′er, the hammer suspended to a door for making a knock: a goblin inhabiting a mine who points out the presence of ore by knocks; Knock′ing, a beating on a door: a rap.—adj. Knock′-kneed, having knees that knock or touch in walking.—Knock about (slang), to saunter, loaf about; Knock down, to fell with a blow: assign to a bidder with a tap of the auctioneer's hammer; Knock into a cocked hat (see Cock); Knock off, to desist, cease: to accomplish hastily; Knock on the head, to bring to a sudden stop; Knock out, to beat in a boxing match, to overcome generally: to lose the scent—of hounds in fox-hunting; Knock-out auction, an auction where the bidders are largely swindling confederates; Knock together, to get together or construct hastily; Knock under, to give in, yield; Knock up, to rouse by knocking: weary out, or be worn out: to construct hastily: (U.S.) to get with child. [A.S. cnucian, cnocian; imit. like knack; cf. Gael. cnac, cnag, &c.]

Knoll, nōl, n. a round hillock: the top of a hill. [A.S. cnol; Ger. knollen, a knob, lump.]

Knoll, nōl. Same as Knell.

Knop, nop, n. (B.) a knob, a bud. [A.S. cnœp; Dut. knop, Ger. knopf.]

Knosp, nosp, n. the unopened bud of a flower: an architectural ornament resembling such. [Ger. knospe.]

Knot, not, n. a wading-bird much resembling a snipe, sometimes said, but without evidence, to be named from King Cnut or Canute.

Knot, not, n. a bunch of threads or the like entangled or twisted: an interlacement of parts of a cord, &c., by twisting the ends about each other, and then drawing tight the loops thus formed: a piece of ribbon, lace, &c., folded or tied upon itself in some particular form, as shoulder-knot, breast-knot, &c.: anything like a knot in form: a bond of union: a difficulty: the gist of a matter: a cluster: the part of a tree where a branch shoots out: an epaulet: (naut.) a division of the knot-marked log-line: a nautical mile.—v.t. to tie in a knot: to unite closely.—v.i. to form knots or joints: to knit knots for a fringe:—pr.p. knot′ting; pa.t. and pa.p. knot′ted.—n. Knot′-grass, a common weed or grass, so called from the numerous joints or knots of its stem.—adjs. Knot′less, without knots; Knot′ted, full of, or having, knots: having intersecting lines or figures.—n. Knot′tiness.—adj. Knot′ty, containing knots: hard, rugged: difficult: intricate.—n. Knot′work, ornamental work made with knots.—Bowline knot (see Bow); Granny knot (see Granny); Porters' knot, a pad for supporting burdens on the head; Square knot, a knot used in tying reef-points so that the ends come out alongside the standing parts; Surgeons' knot, a square or reef knot used in tying a ligature round a cut artery; True lovers' knot, a kind of double knot with two bows and two ends, an emblem of interwoven affections.—Cut the knot, to solve a problem slap-dash (cf. Gordian). [A.S. cnotta; Ger. knoten, Dan. knude, L. nodus.]

Knout, nowt, n. a whip formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Russia: punishment inflicted by the knout. [Russ. knute.]

Know, nō, v.t. to be informed of: to be assured of: to be acquainted with: to recognise: (B.) to approve: to have sexual commerce with.—v.i. to possess knowledge:—pr.p. knōw′ing; pa.t. knew (nū); pa.p. known (nōn).—n. (Shak.) knowledge.—adj. Know′able, capable of being known, discovered, or understood.—ns. Know′ableness; Know′-all, one who thinks he knows everything; Know′er.—adj. Know′ing, intelligent: skilful: cunning.—adv. Know′ingly.—ns. Know′ingness, the quality of being knowing or intelligent: shrewdness; Know′-noth′ing, one who is quite ignorant: a member of the native American party (1854-56).—adj. completely ignorant.—Know a move or two, to be forearmed against trickery by a knowledge of the tricks; Know on which side one's bread is buttered, to be fully alive to one's own interest; Know the ropes, to understand the detail of any matter, as a sailor does his rigging; Know what's o′clock, Know what's what, to be thoroughly acquainted with something: to be wide awake. [A.S. cnáwan; Ice. kná, L. noscĕre for gnoscere, Gr. gignōskein.]

Knowledge, nol′ej, n. assured belief: that which is known: information, instruction: enlightenment, learning: practical skill.—adj. Knowl′edgeable (coll.), possessing knowledge: intelligent.—n. Knowl′edge-box (slang), the head.—To one's knowledge, so far as one knows. [M. E. knowleche, where -leche is the Northern form of the suffix in wed-lock, being A.S. lác, gift, sport.]

Knub, nub, n. a knob, a small lump: the waste or refuse of silk-cocoons.—Also Knubs.

Knuckle, nuk′l, n. projecting joint of the fingers; (cook.) the knee-joint of a calf or pig.—v.i. to bend the fingers: to touch the forehead as a mark of respect: to yield.—v.t. (rare) to touch with the knuckle.—ns. Knuck′le-bones, a game (called also Dibs); Knuck′le-bow, the curved part of a sword-guard that covers the fingers; Knuck′le-dust′er, a kind of modern cestus, devised as a protection against garrotters; Knuck′le-joint, a joint where the forked end of a connecting-rod is joined by a bolt to another piece of the machinery.—Knuckle down, to apply one's self with vigour to a task: to submit—in this sense, also Knuckle under. [M. E. knokil; cf. Dut. knokkel; prob. Celt., W. cnwc.]

Knurl, nėrl, n. (Burns) a humpback.

Knurl. Same as Gnarl, Knarl.

Knurr, Knur, nur, n. a knot in wood: a wooden ball.—Knur and spell, a game played with a ball (knur), trap (spell), and tripstick, in vogue chiefly in the north of England. [Old Dut. knorre.]

Koa, kō′a, n. a forest-tree of the Sandwich Islands.

Koala, kō-ä′lä, n. an Australian marsupial, called also 'Native Bear.'

Kob, kob, n. an African water-antelope.

Kobalt, n. Same as Cobalt.

Kobang, kō′bang, n. an oblong gold coin, rounded at the corners, once current in Japan.—Also Kō′ban.

Kobold, kō′bold, n. in German folklore, a spirit of the mines. [Akin to goblin.]

Kodak, kō′dak, n. a small portable photographic camera with a continuous roll of sensitised film, on which successive instantaneous negatives are made.—v.t. to take an instantaneous picture of. [The trademark name of the Eastman Kodak Company.]

Koff, kof, n. a small Dutch sailing-vessel.

Koftgar, koft′gär, n. one who inlays steel with gold.—n. Koft′gari, such work—sometimes Koft′work. [Hind.]

Koheleth, kō-hel′eth, n. the Preacher, supposed to be applied to Solomon in Eccles. i. 12.

Kohl, kōl, n. a fine powder of antimony used in the East for staining the eyes. [Ar.]

Kohlrabi, kōl′rā-bi, n. the turnip-cabbage. [Ger.,—It. cavolo rapa, cole-turnip.]

Kokra, kok′ra, n. an Indian wood used for making flutes, &c.—Also Cocus-wood.

Kola, kō′lä, n. an African tree whose nuts or seeds have stimulant properties: a name given to an aerated non-alcoholic beverage.

Kolinsky, ko-lin′ski, n. the Siberian polecat or mink.

Koniscope, kon′i-skōp, n. an instrument for indicating the quantity of dust in the atmosphere. [Gr. konis, dust, skopein, to look.]

Konistra, kō-nis′tra, n. the orchestra or dancing-place in the ancient Greek theatre, a circular area between the stage and the auditorium.

Koodoo, kōō′dōō, n. an African antelope with long spiral horns.

Koorbash, kōōr′bash, n. a whip of hippopotamus or rhinoceros hide, used in Egypt and elsewhere.—Also Kourbash. [Ar. kurbāj.]

Koord, kōōrd, n. Same as Kurd.

Kopeck, kō′pek, n. Same as Copeck.

Kopje, kop′ye, n. a flat-topped hill. [Dut. kop, a top.]

Koran, kō′rän, n. the Mohammedan Scriptures: Alcoran.—adj. Koran′ic. [Ar. qurān, reading.]

Kosher, kō′shėr, adj. pure, clean, according to the Jewish ordinances—as of meat killed and prepared by Jews. [Heb., from yāshar, to be right.]

Kosmos. Same as Cosmos.

Koto, kō′tō, n. a Japanese musical instrument consisting of an oblong box over which thirteen silk strings are stretched.

Kotow, kō-tow′, n. the Chinese ceremony of prostration.—v.i. to perform that ceremony, to abase one's self.—Also Kowtow′. [Chin.]

Kotyliskos, kot-i-lis′kos, n. a small Greek toilet-vase with a small foot.

Koumiss, kōō′mis, n. a Kalmuck intoxicating beverage made from the soured and fermented milk of mares—supposed to be good for pulmonary phthisis. [Russ.,—Tartar.]

Kraal, kräl, n. a Hottentot village or hut [Dut. kraal—Port. curral—L. currĕre.]

Kraken, krä′ken, n. a fabled sea-animal of enormous size. [Scand.]

Krang, krang, n. the carcass of a whale after the blubber has been removed.—Also Kreng. [Dut.]

Krasis, krā′sis, n. the act of adding a little water to the wine used for the Eucharist.—Also called Mixture. [Gr.]

Kreatin. Same as Creatin.

Kreese. Same as Creese.

Kremlin, krem′lin, n. a citadel, specially that of Moscow. [Russ. kremli.]

Kreosote, krē′o-sōt, n. Same as Creosote.

Kreutzer, kroit′zėr, n. a small copper coin of Austria, 100 to the florin or gulden—formerly also in South Germany. [Ger. kreuzer—kreuz, a cross, because formerly stamped with a cross.]

K'ri, krē, n. a marginal reading in the Hebrew Bible, proposed in substitution for a k'thibh, or reading in the text. The word signifies read, and was originally a marginal direction. [Heb.]

Kriegspiel, krēg′spēl, n. the 'war-game' played with metal blocks on a map, to train officers in military manœuvres. [Ger. krieg, war, spiel, game.]

Kris. Same as Creese.

Krishna, krish′na, n. a deity in later Hindu mythology.

Krummhorn, krum′horn, n. a medieval clarinet-like instrument: a reed-stop in the organ. [Ger. krumm.]

Krupsis, krōōp′sis, n. (theol.) the doctrine that Christ, during His state of humiliation, continued to possess in a veiled way the divine attributes of omnipotence, omniscience, &c. [Gr., kryptein, to conceal.]

Kryometer, krī-om′e-tėr, n. a thermometer for measuring very low temperatures. [Gr. kryos, cold, metron, a measure.]

Ksar (Milt.), a former spelling of Czar.

Kshatriya, kshat′ri-ya, n. the second or military caste among the Brahmanic Hindus.

K'thibh, kthēv, n. a textual reading in the Hebrew Scriptures:—opp. to K'ri. The word signifies written, and was originally a marginal note calling attention to the textual form in distinction from the k'ri. [Heb.]

Kudos, kū′dos, n. credit, fame, generally used jocularly. [Gr.]

Kudu. Same as Koodoo.

Kufic. Same as Cufic.

Kuklux, kū′kluks, or Kuklux Klan, a secret organisation in several Southern states after the Civil War of 1861-65, to oppose Northern influence in the South, and to prevent the negroes from enjoying their rights as freemen—crushed by United States forces in 1869. [Gr. kuklos, a circle.]

Kumiss. Same as Koumiss.

Kümmel, küm′el, n. a liqueur flavoured with cumin and caraway seeds. [Ger.]

Kurd, kōōrd, n. an inhabitant of Kurdistan, a region on the east of the upper course of the Tigris.

Kursaal, kōōr′säl, n. the reception-room of a German spa. [Ger., lit. 'cure-saloon.']

Kvass, kvas, n. rye-beer. [Russ. kvasŭ.]

Kyanise, kī′an-īz, v.t. to preserve from dry-rot by injecting corrosive sublimate into the pores of the wood. [From John H. Kyan (1774-1830).]

Kyanite, kī′a-nīt, n. Same as Cyanite.

Kye, Ky, kī, n.pl. Scotch form of the plural of cow. [See Kine.]

Kylix, kī′liks, n. a broad and shallow Greek drinking-vase.

Kyllosis, kil-lō′sis, n. club-foot.

Kyloe, kī′lō, n. one of the cattle of the Hebrides.

Kymograph, kī′mō-graf, n. an instrument for measuring the pressure of fluids, esp. of blood in a blood-vessel.—adj. Kymograph′ic. [Gr. kyma, a wave, graphein, to write.]

Kyrie, kir′i-ē, n. the Kyrie eleïson='Lord have mercy,' including both the words and the music to which they are sung: one of the responses to the commandments in the Anglican ante-communion service.—Kyrie eleïson, a form of prayer which occurs in all the ancient Greek liturgies, and retained in the R.C. mass, following immediately after the introit. [Voc. case of Gr. kyrios, lord.]

Kyriologic, -al, kir-i-o-loj′ik, -al, adj. denoting objects by alphabetical characters or conventional signs. [Gr. kyrios, literal, proper, logos, discourse.]

Kythe, kīth, v.t. (Scot.) to make known.—v.i. to show one's self, to appear. [A.S. cyðan, to make known. See Uncouth.]

the twelfth letter in our alphabet, usually termed a liquid, but more correctly designated as a front palatal: (chem.) the symbol for lithium: in Roman numerals, for 50, but L=50,000.

La, lä, interj. lo! see! behold! ah! indeed!—n. (mus.) in solmisation, the syllable used for the sixth tone of the scale. [A.S. lá.]

Laager, lä′gėr, n. in South African campaigning, a camp made by a ring of ox-wagons set close together, the spaces beneath being filled up with the baggage of the company.—v.t. to arrange in such a defensive enclosure. [Dut., a variant of leger, a camp.]

Labarum, lab′a-rum, n. a Roman military standard adopted as the imperial standard after Constantine's conversion. It bore the Greek letters XP (Chr), joined in a monogram, to signify the name of Christ: a similar ecclesiastical banner borne in processions: any moral standard or guide. [Late Gr. labaron, origin unknown. Some make bold to derive from Basque labaria, a standard.]

Labdanum. See Ladanum.

Labefaction, lab-e-fak′shun, n. a weakening decay—also Labefactā′tion.—v.t. Lab′efy, to impair. [L. labefacĕre, to shake.]

Label, lā′bel, n. a small slip of writing affixed to anything to denote its contents, ownership, &c.: (law) a paper annexed to a will, as a codicil: (her.) a fillet with pendants: (archit.) the dripstone over a Gothic window or doorway arch.—v.t. to affix a label to: to describe by or on a label:—pr.p. lā′belling; pa.t. and pa.p. lā′belled. [O. Fr. label (Fr. lambeau); perh. from Old High Ger. lappa (Ger. lappen).]

Labellum, la-bel′um, n. the lower petal of a flower, esp. an orchis. [L., dim. of labium, a lip.]

Labial, lā′bi-al, adj. pertaining to the lips: formed by the lips.—n. a sound formed by the lips: a letter representing a sound formed either by both the lips, or by the upper lip and under teeth—p, b, m, f, v.—v.t. Lā′bialise.—adv. Lā′bially.—n.pl. Labiā′tæ, a natural order of gamopetalous plants, the mint family having four-cornered stems and opposite branches.—adjs. Lā′biate, -d (bot.), having two unequal divisions, as in the monopetalous corolla of the mints.—adj. and n. Labioden′tal, of a sound pronounced both by the lips and teeth: a letter representing such (f, v.).—n. Lā′bium, a lip or lip-like part:—pl. Lā′bia. [Fr.,—L. labium, labrum, a lip.]

Labis, lā′bis, n. the cochlear or eucharistic spoon. [Late Gr. from lambanein, to take.]

Laboratory, lab′or-a-tor-i, n. a chemist's workroom: a place where scientific experiments are systematically carried on: a place for the manufacture of arms and war material: a place where anything is prepared for use. [L. laborāre—labor, work.]

Labour, lā′bur, n. toil or exertion, esp. when fatiguing: work: pains: duties: a task requiring hard work: the pangs of childbirth.—v.i. to undergo labour: to work: to take pains: to be oppressed: to move slowly: to be in travail: (naut.) to pitch and roll heavily.—adj. Labō′rious, full of labour: toilsome: wearisome: devoted to labour: industrious.—adv. Labō′riously.—n. Labō′riousness.—adj. Lā′boured, bearing marks of labour or effort in the execution.—ns. Lā′bourer, one who labours: one who does work requiring little skill; Lā′bourist, one who contends for the interests of workmen.—adjs. Lā′bour-sav′ing, intended to supersede or lessen the labour of men; Lā′boursome (Shak.), made with labour and diligence.—Labour Day, a legal holiday in some parts of the United States, as in New York (the first Monday in September); Labour market, the supply of unemployed labour in relation to the demand for it; Labour of love, work undertaken merely as an act of friendliness, and without hope of emolument; Labour with, to take pains to convince.—Hard labour, compulsory work imposed on certain criminals in addition to imprisonment. [O. Fr. labour, labeur—L. labor.]

Labradorite, lab′ra-dōr-īt, n. one of the group of the Feldspars, and a very important rock-forming mineral. [Labrador.]

Labret, lā′bret, n. a piece of bone, shell, &c. inserted into the lip by savages for ornament.—adj. Lā′brose, having thick lips.—n. Lā′brum, a lip or lip-like part:—pl. Lā′bra. [L. labrum, labium, a lip.]

Laburnum, la-bur′num, n. a small tree with large pendulous racemes of beautiful yellow flowers, a native of the Alps. [L.]

Labyrinth, lab′i-rinth, n. a place full of inextricable windings: (orig.) a building consisting of halls connected by intricate passages: an arrangement of tortuous passages in which it is difficult to find the way out: an inexplicable difficulty, a perplexity: (anat.) the cavities of the internal ear.—adjs. Labyrinth′al, Labyrinth′ian, Labyrinth′ine, pertaining to or like a labyrinth: winding: intricate: perplexing; Labyrinth′iform, having the form of a labyrinth: intricate.—n. Labyrinth′odon, a race of extinct gigantic amphibians found in the Permian, Carboniferous, and Triassic strata, so called from the mazy pattern exhibited on a transverse section of the teeth of some genera. [Fr. labyrinthe—L. labyrinthus—Gr. labyrinthos; akin to laura, a passage.]

Lac, lak, n. the term used in India for 100,000 rupees, the nominal value of which is £10,000.—Also Lakh. [Hind. lak—Sans. laksha, 100,000, a mark.]

Lac, lak, n. a dark-red transparent resin produced on the twigs of trees in the East by the lac insect, used in dyeing.—adj. Laccic (lak′sik).—ns. Laccine (lak′sin), a brittle, translucent, yellow substance, obtained from shell-lac; Lac′-dye, Lac′-lake, scarlet colouring matters obtained from Stick′-lac, the twigs, with attached resin, enclosed insects, and ova; Seed′-lac, the granular portion remaining after removing the resin, triturating with water, and drying; Shell′-lac, Shel′lac, thin plates of resin prepared by melting the seed-lac in cotton-cloth bags, straining, and allowing it to drop on to sticks or leaves. [Pers. lak—Sans. lákshá, the lac insect—rañj, to dye.]

Lace, lās, n. a plaited string for fastening: an ornamental fabric of linen, cotton, silk, or gold and silver threads, made by looping, knotting, plaiting, or twisting the thread into definite patterns, of contrasted open and close structure; three distinct varieties are made, two by handiwork, known respectively as Needle or Point lace and Pillow or Bobbin Lace, and one by machinery.—v.t. to fasten with a lace: to adorn with lace: to streak: to mark with the lash: to intermix, as coffee with brandy, &c.: to intertwine.—v.i. to be fastened with a lace.—ns. Lace′-bark tree, a lofty West Indies tree, the inner bark like coarse lace; Lace′-boot, a boot fastened by a lace.—p.adj. Laced, fastened or adorned with lace.—ns. Lace′-frame, a machine used in lace-making; Lace′-leaf (see Lattice-leaf); Lace′-man, one who deals in lace; Lace′-mend′er, one who repairs lace; Lace′-pā′per, paper stamped or cut by hand with an open-work pattern like lace; Lace′-pill′ow, a cushion on which many various kinds of lace are made, held on the knees.—adj. Lā′cy, like lace.—Alençon lace, a very fine point-lace, the most important made in France; Appliqué lace, lace having sprigs or flowers sewed on net; Balloon-net lace, a form of woven lace in which the freeing threads are peculiarly twisted about the warps; Brussels lace, an extremely fine lace with sprigs applied on a net ground; Duchesse lace, a Belgian pillow-lace having beautiful designs with cord outlines, often in relief; Guipure lace, any lace without a net ground, the pattern being held together by bars or brides; Honiton lace, a lace made at Honiton in Devonshire, remarkable for the beauty of its figures and sprigs; Imitation lace, any lace made by machinery; Mechlin lace, a lace with bobbin ground and designs outlined by thread or flat cord; Spanish lace, needle-point lace brought from Spanish convents since their dissolution—but probably of Flemish origin: cut and drawn work made in convents in Spain, of patterns usually confined to simple sprigs and flowers: a modern black-silk lace with large flower-patterns, mostly of Flemish make: a modern needle-point lace with large square designs; Tambour lace, a modern kind of lace made with needle-embroidery on machine-made net; Torchon lace, peasants' bobbin laces of loose texture and geometrical designs, much imitated by machinery; Valenciennes lace, a fine bobbin lace having the design made with the ground and of the same thread. [O. Fr. las, a noose—L. laqueus, a noose.]

Lacerate, las′ėr-āt, v.t. to tear: to rend: to wound: to afflict.—adjs. Lac′erable, that may be lacerated; Lac′erant, harrowing; Lac′erate, -d, rent, torn: (bot.) having the edges cut into irregular segments.—n. Lacerā′tion, act of lacerating: the rent made by tearing.—adj. Lac′erative, tearing: having power to tear. [L. lacerāre, -ātum, to tear—lacer, torn.]

Lacerta, la-sėr′ta, n. a genus of saurian reptiles, the name properly restricted to slender, active lizards.—n. and adj. Lacer′tian, an animal belonging to the genus Lacerta.—n. Lacertil′ia, an order of reptiles, including the lizards proper, &c.—adjs. Lacertil′ian; Lacertil′ioid; Lacer′tine. [L.]

Laches, läsh′ēz, n. (law) negligence or undue delay, such as to disentitle a person to a certain remedy, any negligence. [O. Fr. lachesse.]

Lachesis, lak′e-sis, n. the one of the three Fates who assigned to each mortal his destiny—she spun the thread of life from the distaff held by Clotho. [Gr.]

Lachrymal, Lacrymal, lak′ri-mal, adj. of or pertaining to tears, secreting tears, as in 'lachrymal duct,' the nasal duct, conveying tears from the eye to the nose.—n. one of the bones of the face, the os unguis, or nail-bone, in man.—adj. Lach′rymary, containing tears.—n. Lach′rymātory, a small slender glass vessel found in ancient sepulchres, apparently filled with the tears of mourners.—adj. Lach′rymose, Lac′rymose, shedding tears, or given to do so: lugubrious, mournful.—adv. Lach′rymosely.—Lachryma Christi, a wine of a sweet but piquant taste, produced from grapes grown on Mount Vesuvius, the best light red. [L. lacryma (properly lacrima), a tear; Gr. dakru, Eng. tear.]

Lacing, lās′ing, n. a fastening with a lace or cord through eyelet-holes: a cord used in fastening: in bookbinding, the cords by which the boards of a book are fastened to the back: in shipbuilding, the knee of the head, or lace-piece, a piece of compass or knee timber secured to the back of the figure-head: in mining, lagging, or cross-pieces of timber or iron placed to prevent ore from falling into a passage.

Lacinia, lā-sin′i-a, n. a long incision in a leaf, &c.—also a narrow lobe resulting from such: in entomology, the apex of the maxilla.—adjs. Lacin′iāte, -d, cut into narrow lobes, fringed; Lacin′iform, fringe-like; Lacin′iolāte, finely fringed. [L., a flap.]

Lack, lak, v.t. and v.i. to want: to be in want: to be destitute of: to miss.—n. want: destitution.—ns. Lack′-all, one who is destitute; Lack′-brain (Shak.), a fool.—adjs. Lack′-lin′en (Shak.), wanting linen; Lack′-lus′tre, wanting brightness.—n. a want of brightness. [From an old Low Ger. root found in Dut. lak, blemish; cf. Ice. lakr, defective.]

Lackadaisical, lak-a-dā′zi-kal, adj. affectedly pensive, sentimental.—interj. Lack′adaisy=Lack-a-day. [Alack-a-day. See Alack.]

Lack-a-day, lak-a-dā′, interj. See Alack-a-day.

Lacker. See Lacquer.

Lackey, lak′i, n. a menial attendant: a footman or footboy.—v.t. and v.i. to pay servile attendance: to act as a footman. [O. Fr. laquay (Fr. laquais)—Sp. lacayo, a lackey; perh. Ar. luka‛, servile.]

Lacmus, lak′mus, n. the same as Litmus (q.v.).

Laconic, -al, la-kon′ik, -al, adj. expressing in few words after the manner of the Laconians, Lacedæmonians, or Spartans: concise: pithy.—adv. Lacon′ically.—ns. Lac′onism, Lacon′icism, a concise style: a short, pithy phrase. [L.,—Gr.]

Lacquer, Lacker, lak′ėr, n. a varnish made of lac and alcohol.—v.t. to cover with lacquer: to varnish.—ns. Lac′querer, one who varnishes or covers with lacquer; Lac′quering, the act of varnishing with lacquer: a coat of lacquer varnish. [Fr. lacre—Port. lacre, laca—Pers. lac, lac.]

Lacrosse, la-kros′, n. a Canadian game of ball, played by two sets of eleven, the ball driven through the opponents' goal by means of the Crosse, a bent stick, 5-6 ft. long, with a shallow net at one end. [Fr.]

Lacteal, lak′te-al, adj. pertaining to or resembling milk: conveying chyle.—n. one of the absorbent vessels of the intestines which convey the chyle to the thoracic ducts.—ns. Lac′tarene, Lac′tarine, a preparation of the caseine of milk, used by calico-printers; Lac′tāte, a salt of lactic acid, and a base; Lactā′tion, the act of giving milk: the period of suckling.—adj. Lac′teous, milky, milk-like.—n. Lactesc′ence.—adjs. Lactesc′ent, turning to milk: producing milk or white juice: milky; Lac′tic, pertaining to milk; Lactif′erous, Lactif′ic, producing milk or white juice.—ns. Lac′tifuge, a medicine which checks the flow of milk; Lac′tocrite, an apparatus for testing the quantity of fatty substance in a sample of milk; Lactom′eter, an instrument for measuring the quality of milk; Lac′toscope, an instrument for testing the purity or richness of milk by its degree of translucency; Lac′tose, a kind of sugar, only moderately sweet, obtained from milk by evaporating whey—also Lac′tine; Lactuca (lak-tū′ka), a genus of herbs of the aster family, with milky juice.—adj. Lactucic (lak-tū′sik).—Lactic acid, an acid obtained from milk. [L. lacteus, milky—lac, lactis, milk; Gr. gala, galaktos, milk.]

Lacuna, la-kū′na, n. a gap or hiatus:—pl. Lacū′næ.—n. Lacū′nar, a sunken panel or coffer in a ceiling or a soffit: a ceiling containing such.—adjs. Lacū′nose, furrowed: pitted; Lacū′nous. [L. lacuna, anything hollow—lacus, a lake.]

Lacustrine, la-kus′trin, adj. pertaining to lakes.—Also Lacus′tral, Lacus′trian. [From L. lacus, a lake.]

Lad, lad, n. a boy: a youth: (Scot.) a lover:—fem. Lass.—n. Lad′die, a little lad: a boy.—Lad's love, a provincial name of the southernwood. [M. E. ladde—Ir. lath, a youth, champion (W. llawd). Mr H. Bradley suggests that M. E. ladde, a servant, coincides with the adjectival form of the past participle of the verb to lead, the original meaning thus being 'one led in the train of a lord.']

Ladanum, lad′a-num, n. a resinous exudation from the leaves of a shrub growing round the Mediterranean.—Also Lab′danum. [L.,—Gr. lēdanon—Pers. lādan. See Laudanum.]

Ladder, lad′ėr, n. a frame made with steps placed between two upright pieces, by which one may ascend a building, &c.: anything by which one ascends: a gradual rise. [A.S. hlǽder; Ger. leiter.]

Lade, lād, v.t. to burden: to throw in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle or dipper.—n. (Scot.) a load: a water-course: the mouth of a river.—n. Lad′ing, the act of loading: that which is loaded: cargo: freight. [A.S. hladan, pt. hlód, hladen, to load, to draw out water; Dut. laden; Ger. be-laden.]

Ladin, la-dēn′, n. a Romance tongue spoken in the Engadine valley in Switzerland and the upper Inn valley in Tyrol. [L. Latinus, Latin.]

Ladino, la-dē′nō, n. the old Castilian tongue: the Spanish jargon of some Turkish Jews: a Central American of mixed white and Indian blood.

Ladle, lād′l, n. a large spoon for lifting out liquid from a vessel: the float-board of a mill-wheel: an instrument for drawing the charge from a cannon.—v.t. to lift with a ladle.—ns. Lad′leful, the quantity in a ladle:—pl. Lad′lefuls.—Ladle furnace, a small gas furnace heated by a Bunsen burner, for melting metals, &c. [A.S. hlædel—hladan, to lade.]

Ladrone, la-drōn′, n. a robber. [Sp.,—L. latro.]

Lady, lā′di, n. the mistress of a house: a wife: a title of the wives of knights, and all degrees above them, and of the daughters of earls and all higher ranks: a title of complaisance to any woman of refined manners:—pl. Ladies (lā′diz).—ns. Lā′dybird, a genus of little beetles, usually brilliant red or yellow—also Lā′dybug, Lā′dycow; Lā′dy-chap′el, a chapel dedicated to 'Our Lady,' the Virgin Mary, usually behind the high altar, at the extremity of the apse; Lā′dyday, the 25th March, the day of the Annunciation of the Virgin; Lā′dyfern, one of the prettiest varieties of British ferns, common in moist woods, with bipinnate fronds sometimes two feet long; Lā′dy-fly (same as Ladybird); Lā′dyhood, condition, character of a lady.—adj. Lā′dyish, having the airs of a fine lady.—ns. Lā′dyism, affectation of the airs of a fine lady; Lā′dy-kill′er, a man who fancies his fascinations irresistible to women: a general lover.—adj. Lā′dy-like, like a lady in manners: refined: soft, delicate.—ns. Lādy-love, a lady or woman loved: a sweetheart; Lādy's-bed′straw, the plant Galium verum; Lā′dy's-bow′er, the only British species of clematis—also Traveller's joy; Lā′dy's-fing′er, a name for many plants: a piece of confectionery; Lā′dyship, the title of a lady; Lā′dy's-maid, a female attendant on a lady, esp. in matters relating to the toilet; Lādy's-man′tle, a genus of herbaceous plants having small, yellowish-green flowers; Lā′dy's-slipp′er, a genus of orchidaceous plants, remarkable for the large inflated lip of the corolla; Lā′dy's-smock, the Bitter Cress, a meadow-plant, with whitish, blush-coloured flowers.—Ladies' companion, a small bag used for carrying women's work; Ladies' man, one fond of women's society.—My ladyship, Your ladyship, a form of expression used in speaking to, or of, one who has the rank of a lady. [A.S. hláf-dige—hláf, a loaf, dǽgee, a kneader, or=hláfweardige (i.e. loaf-keeper, see ward), and thus a contr. fem. of Lord.]

Lætare, lē-tā′rē, n. the fourth Sunday in Lent, named from the first word in the service for the festival. [L. lætāre, to rejoice—lætus, joyful.]

Lag, lag, adj. slack: sluggish: coming behind.—n. he who, or that which, comes behind: the fag-end: (slang) an old convict.—v.i. to move or walk slowly: to loiter.—v.t. (slang) to commit to justice:—pr.p. lag′ging; pa.p. lagged.—adj. Lag′-bell′ied, having a drooping belly.—n. Lag′-end (Shak.), the last or long-delayed end.—adj. Lag′gard, lagging: slow: backward.—ns. Lag′gard, Lag′ger, one who lags behind: a loiterer: an idler.—adv. Lag′gingly, in a lagging manner. [Celt., as W. llag, loose, Gael. lag, feeble; cf. L. laxus, loose.]

Lagena, la-jē′na, n. a wine-vase, amphora: the terminal part of the cochlea in birds and reptiles:—pl. Lagē′næ. [L.]

Lager-beer, lä′ger-bēr, n. a kind of light beer very much used in Germany.—Also La′ger. [Ger. lagerbier—lager, a store-house, bier, beer.]

Laggen, lag′en, n. (Burns) the angle between the side and bottom of a wooden dish.

Lagomys, lā-gō′mis, n. a genus of rodents, much resembling hares or rabbits. [Gr. lagōs, a hare, mys, a mouse.]

Lagoon, Lagune, la-gōōn′, n. a shallow pond into which the sea flows. [It. laguna—L. lacuna.]

Lagophthalmia, lag-of-thal′mi-a, n. inability to close the eye.—adj. Lagophthal′mic.

Lagopus, la-gō′pus, n. a genus of grouse, the ptarmigans.—adj. Lagop′odous, having furry feet.—n. Lagos′toma, hare-lip.—adj. Lagō′tic, rabbit-eared.

Lagrimoso, lag-ri-mō′sō, adj. (mus.) plaintive. [It.]

Lagthing, läg′ting, n. the upper house of the Norwegian parliament. [Norw. lag, law, thing, parliament.]

Laic, Laical, Laicise. See Lay, adj.

Laid, lād, adj. put down, prostrate: pressed down.—Laid paper, such as shows in its fabric the marks of the close parallel wires on which the paper-pulp was laid in the process of its manufacture:—opp. to Wove-paper, that laid on woven flannels or on felts. [Pa.t. and pa.p. of Lay.]

Laidly, lād′li, adj. (prov.) loathly.

Lain, pa.p. of Lie, to rest.

Lair, lār, n. a lying-place, esp. the den or retreat of a wild beast: (Scot.) the ground for one grave in a burying-place. [A.S. leger, a couch—licgan, to lie down; Dut. leger, Ger. lager.]

Lair, lār, v.i. (Scot.) to sink in mud.—n. mire, a bog, a quagmire. [Ice. leir, mud.]

Laird, lārd, n. (Scot.) a landed proprietor, a landlord.—n. Laird′ship, an estate. [Lord.]

Laissez-faire, lās′ā-fār′, n. a letting alone, a general principle of non-interference with the free action of the individual: the let-alone principle in government, business, &c.—Also Laiss′er-faire′. [Fr. laisser—L. laxāre, to relax, faire—L. facĕre, to do.]

Laity, lā-′i-ti, n. the people as distinct from the clergy. [See Lay, adj.]

Lake, lāk, n. a pigment or colour formed by precipitating animal or vegetable colouring matters from their solutions, chiefly with alumina or oxide of tin. [Fr. laque. See Lac (2).]

Lake, lāk, n. a large body of water within land.—ns. Lake′-bā′sin, the whole area drained by a lake; Lake′-law′yer (U.S.), the bowfin: burbot; Lake′let, a little lake; Lā′ker, Lā′kist, one of the Lake school of poetry.—adj. Lā′ky, pertaining to a lake or lakes.—Lake District, the name applied to the picturesque and mountainous region within the counties of Cumberland, Westmorland, and a small portion of Lancashire, containing as many as sixteen lakes or meres; Lake dwellings, settlements in prehistoric times, built on piles driven into a lake; Lake school of poetry, a name applied to the group of illustrious poets who made the Lake District—Wordsworthshire—their home about the beginning of the 19th century. [A.S. lac—L. lacus.]

Lakh, n. See Lac, term used for 100,000.

Lakin, lā′kin, n. (Shak.) a corruption of ladykin, dim. of lady.

Lakshmi, laksh′mē, n. in Hindu mythology, the name of the consort of the god Vishnu (q.v.), considered as his female or creative energy.

Lallan, lal′an, n. the Scotch dialect. [Lowland.]

Lallation, la-lā′shon, n. lambdacism (q.v.).

Lam, lam, v.t. to beat. [Ice. lemja, to beat.]

Lama, n. an animal. [See Llama.]

Lama, lä′ma, n. a Buddhist priest in Tibet.—ns. Lä′maism, the religion prevailing in Tibet and Mongolia, being Buddhism corrupted by Sivaism, and by Shamanism or spirit-worship; Lä′maist; Lä′masery, a Tibetan monastery. [Tib.]

Lamantin, la-man′tin, n. the manatee. [Fr.]

Lamarckism, la-mär′kizm, n. the theory of the French naturalist, J. B. P. A. de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829), that species have developed by the efforts of organisms to adapt themselves to new conditions—also Lamarck′ianism.—-adj. Lamarck′ian.

Lamb, lam, n. the young of a sheep: the flesh of the young sheep: one innocent and gentle as a lamb: the Saviour of the world.—v.i. to bring forth young, as sheep.—ns. Lamb′-ale, a feast at the time of lamb-shearing; Lamb′kin, Lamb′ling, Lamb′ie (Scot.), a little lamb.—adj. Lamb′-like, like a lamb: gentle.—ns. Lamb′skin, the skin of a lamb dressed with the wool on, for mats, &c.: the skin of a lamb dressed for gloves: a kind of woollen cloth resembling this; Lamb's′-lett′uce (same as Corn-salad); Lamb's′-wool, fine wool: a wholesome old English beverage composed of ale and the pulp of roasted apples, with sugar and spices.—The Lamb, Lamb of God, the Saviour, typified by the paschal lamb. [A.S. lamb; Ger. lamm, Dut. lam.]

Lambative, lam′ba-tiv, adj. to be taken by licking.—n. a medicine of such a kind.

Lambda, lam′da, n. the Greek letter corresponding to Roman l.—n. Lamb′dacism, a too frequent use of words containing l: a defective pronunciation of r, making it like l.—adjs. Lamb′doid, -al, shaped like the Greek capital Λ—applied in anatomy to the suture between the occipital and the two parietal bones of the skull. [Gr.,—Heb. lamedh.]

Lambent, lam′bent, adj. moving about as if touching lightly: gliding over: flickering.—n. Lam′bency, the quality of being lambent: that which is lambent. [L. lambens—lambĕre, to lick.]

Lamboys, lam′boiz, n.pl. kilted flexible steel-plates worn skirt-like from the waist. [O. Fr.]

Lambrequin, lam′bre-kin, n. a strip of cloth, leather, &c., hanging from a window, doorway, or mantelpiece, as a drapery: an ornamental covering, as of cloth, attached to a helmet. [Fr.]

Lame, lām, adj. disabled in the limbs: hobbling: unsatisfactory: imperfect.—v.t. to make lame: to cripple: to render imperfect.—n. Lame′-duck (slang), a bankrupt.—adv. Lame′ly.—n. Lame′ness.—adj. Lam′ish, a little lame: hobbling. [A.S. lama, lame; Dut. lam, Ger. lahm.]

Lamella, lä-mel′a, n. a thin plate or scale:—pl. Lamell′æ.—adjs. Lam′ellar, Lam′ellate.—n.pl. Lamellibranchiā′ta, a class of shell-fishes or molluscs in which the shell consists of two limy plates, lying one on each side of the body.—adjs. Lamellibranch′iate; Lamell′icorn.—n.pl. Lamellicor′nes, a very numerous family of beetles—the cockchafer, &c.—adjs. Lamellif′erous, producing lamellæ; Lamell′iform, lamellar in form; Lamelliros′tral, having a lamellose bill; Lam′ellose, full of lamellæ, lamellated in structure. [L.]

Lament, la-ment′, v.i. to utter grief in outcries: to wail: to mourn.—v.t. to mourn for: to deplore.—n. sorrow expressed in cries: an elegy or mournful ballad.—adj. Lam′entable, deserving or expressing sorrow: sad: pitiful, despicable.—adv. Lam′entably.—n. Lamentā′tion, act of lamenting: audible expression of grief: wailing: (pl., B.) a book of Jeremiah.—p.adj. Lament′ed, bewailed: mourned.—adv. Lament′ingly, with lamentation. [Fr. lamenter—L. lamentāri.]

Lameter, Lamiter, lā′met-ėr, n. a cripple.

Lametta, la-met′a, n. foil of gold, silver, &c. [It.]

Lamia, lā′mi-a, n. in Greek and Roman mythology, a female phantom, a serpent witch who charmed children and youths in order to suck their blood.

Lamiger, lam′i-jėr, n. (prov.) a cripple.

Lamina, lam′i-na, n. a thin plate: a thin layer or coat lying over another:—pl. Lam′inæ.—adjs. Lam′inable; Lam′inar, Lam′inary, in laminæ or thin plates: consisting of, or resembling, thin plates.—n. Laminā′ria, a genus of dark-spored seaweeds, with large expanded leathery-stalked fronds.—adjs. Lam′ināte, -d, in laminæ or thin plates: consisting of scales or layers, over one another.—ns. Laminā′tion, the arrangement of stratified rocks in thin laminæ or layers.—adjs. Laminif′erous, consisting of laminæ or layers; Lam′iniform, laminar.—n. Laminī′tis, inflammation of the laminæ of a horse's hoof. [L. lamina, a thin plate, a leaf.]

Lammas, lam′as, n. the feast of first-fruits on 1st August.—n. Lamm′as-tide, Lammas-day, 1st August. [A.S. hláf-mæsse and hlammæsse—hláf, loaf, mæsse, feast.]

Lammer, lam′ėr, n. (Scot.) amber. [Fr. l'ambre.]

Lammergeier, lam′mėr-gī-ėr, n. the great bearded vulture of the mountains of southern Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. [Ger. lämmergeier—lämmer, lambs, geier, vulture.]

Lammy, lam′i, n. a thick quilted outside jumper worn in cold weather by sailors.—Also Lamm′ie.

Lamp, lamp, n. a vessel for burning oil with a wick, and so giving light: a light of any kind.—v.i. (Spens.) to shine.—ns. Lamp′ad (rare), a lamp or candlestick, a torch; Lamp′adary, in the Greek Church, one who looks after the lamps and carries a lighted taper before the patriarch; Lampaded′romy, an ancient Greek torch-race in honour of Prometheus, &c.; Lamp′adist, one who ran in a torch-race; Lampad′omancy, the art of divining by the flame of a lamp or torch; Lamp′black, the black substance formed by the smoke of a lamp: the soot or amorphous carbon obtained by burning bodies rich in that element, such as resin, petroleum, and tar, or some of the cheap oily products obtained from it; Lamp′-burn′er, that part of a lamp in which the wick is held; Lamp′-chim′ney, Lamp′-glass, a glass funnel placed round the flame of a lamp; Lamp′-fly (Browning), a firefly.—adj. Lamp′ic, pertaining to, or derived from, a lamp or flame.—ns. Lamp′ion, a kind of small lamp; Lamp′-light, the light shed by a lamp or lamps; Lamp′-light′er, a person employed to light street-lamps: that by which a lamp is lighted, as a spill or torch; Lamp′-post, the pillar supporting a street-lamp; Lamp′-shell, a terebratuloid or related brachiopod having a shell like an antique lamp.—Smell of the lamp, to show signs of great elaboration or study. [Fr. lampe—Gr. lampas, -ados—lampein, to shine.]

Lamp, lamp, v.i. (Scot.) to run wild, to scamper: to go jauntily.

Lampas, lam′pas, n. a material of silk and wool used in upholstery. [Fr.]

Lampass, lam′pas, n. (Shak.) a swelling of the roof of the mouth in horses. [Fr. lampas.]

Lampern, lam′pėrn, n. a river lamprey.

Lampoon, lam-pōōn′, n. a personal satire in writing: low censure.—v.t. to assail with personal satire: to satirise:—pr.p. lampōōn′ing; pa.p. lampōōned′.—ns. Lampoon′er, one who writes a lampoon; Lampoon′ry, practice of lampooning: written personal abuse or satire. [O. Fr. lampon, orig. a drinking-song, with the refrain lampons=let us drink—lamper (or lapper, to lap), to drink.]

Lamprey, lam′pre, n. a genus of cartilaginous fishes resembling the eel, so called from their attaching themselves to rocks or stones by their mouths. [O. Fr. lamproie—Low L. lampreda, lampetra—L. lambĕre, to lick, petra, rock.]

Lana, lä′na, n. the tough, close-grained wood of a Guiana tree.

Lanate, -d, lā′nāt, -ed, adjs. woolly: (bot.) covered with a substance resembling wool.—n. Lā′nary, a wool-store. [L. lanatus—lana, wool.]

Lancasterian, lang-kas-tē′ri-an, adj. pertaining to Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838), or the method of teaching younger pupils by those more advanced (monitors) in primary schools.

Lancastrian, lang-kas′tri-an, adj. pertaining to the dukes or the royal house of Lancaster.—n. an adherent of the house of Lancaster, as against the Yorkists, in the Wars of the Roses (1455-85).

Lance, lans, n. (Spens.) balance, poise. [L. lanx, lancis, a dish or scale.]

Lance, lans, n. a long shaft of wood, with a spear-head, and bearing a small flag: the bearer of a lance.—v.t. to pierce with a lance: to open with a lancet.—ns. Lance′-cor′poral, a private soldier doing the duties of a corporal; Lance′let (see Amphioxus); Lan′cer, a light cavalry soldier armed with a lance: (pl.) a popular set of quadrilles, first in England about 1820: the music for such; Lance′-wood, a wood valuable for its strength and elasticity, brought chiefly from Jamaica, Guiana, &c.—adjs. Lancif′erous, bearing a lance; Lan′ciform, lance-shaped. [Fr.,—L. lancea; Gr. longchē, a lance.]

Lancegay, lans′gā, n. (obs.) a kind of spear. [O. Fr.,—lance, a lance, zagaye, a pike. See Assagai.]

Lanceolate, -d, lan′se-o-lāt, -ed, adjs. (bot.) having the form of a lance-head: tapering toward both ends—also Lan′ceolar.—adv. Lan′ceolately. [L. lanceolatus—lanceola, dim. of lancea.]

Lancet, lan′set, n. a surgical instrument used for opening veins, abscesses, &c.: a high and narrow window, terminating in an arch acutely pointed, often double or triple, common in the first half of the 13th century. [O. Fr. lancette, dim. of lance.]

Lanch. Same as Launch.

Lancinate, lan′sin-āt, v.t. to lacerate.—n. Lancinā′tion, sharp, shooting pain. [L. lancināre, -ātum, to tear.]

Land, land, n. earth, the solid portion of the surface of the globe: a country: a district: soil: real estate: a nation or people: (Scot.) a group of dwellings or tenements under one roof and having a common entry.—v.t. to set on land or on shore.—v.i. to come on land or on shore.—ns. Land′-ā′gent, a person employed by the owner of an estate to let farms, collect rents, &c.; Land′-breeze, a breeze setting from the land towards the sea; Land′-crab, a family of crabs which live much or chiefly on land.—v.t. Land′damn (Shak.), to banish from the land.—adj. Land′ed, possessing land or estates: consisting in land or real estate.—ns. Land′er, one who lands; Land′fall, a landslip: an approach to land after a voyage, also the land so approached; Land′-fish (Shak.), a fish on land, any one acting contrary to his usual character; Land′-flood, a flooding or overflowing of land by water: inundation; Land′force, a military force serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force; Land′-grab′ber, one who acquires land by harsh and grasping means: one who is eager to occupy land from which others have been evicted; Land′-grab′bing, the act of the land-grabber; Land′-herd, a herd of animals which feed on land; Land′-hold′er, a holder or proprietor of land; Land′-hung′er, greed for the acquisition of land; Land′ing, act of going on land from a vessel: a place for getting on shore: the level part of a staircase between the flights of steps.—adj. relating to the unloading of a vessel's cargo.—ns. Land′ing-net, a kind of scoop-net for landing a fish that has been caught; Land′ing-place, a place for landing, as from a vessel; Land′ing-stage, a platform for landing passengers or goods carried by water, often rising and falling with the tide; Land′-job′ber, a speculator in land; Land′-job′bing; Land′lady, a woman who has property in land or houses: the mistress of an inn or lodging-house.—adj. Land′less (Shak.), without land or property.—v.t. Land′lock, to enclose by land.—-adj. Land′-locked, almost shut in by land, protected by surrounding masses of land from the force of wind and waves.—ns. Land′lord, the owner of land or houses: the master of an inn or lodging-house; Land′lordism, the authority or united action of the landholding class; Land′-lubb′er, a landsman (a term used by sailors); Land′mark, anything serving to mark the boundaries of land: any object on land that serves as a guide to seamen: any distinguishing characteristic; Land′-meas′ure, a system of square measure used in the measurement of land; Land′-meas′uring, the art of estimating the superficial content of portions of land; Land′-own′er, one who owns land; Land′-own′ership.—adj. Land′-own′ing.—ns. Land′-pī′lot, (Milt.), a guide on land; Land′-pī′rate, a highway robber: a fellow who makes a practice of swindling sailors in port; Land′rail, the crake or corncrake, so named from its cry; Land′-rak′er (Shak.), a vagabond; Land′-reeve, the assistant to the land-steward of a great estate; Land′-roll, a clod-crusher; Land′-scrip (U.S.), negotiable government certificate entitling to possession of certain public land by individuals or corporate bodies; Land′-shark, a land-grabber: one who plunders sailors on shore; Land′skip (same as Landscape); Land′slide, Land′slip, a portion of land that falls down, generally from the side of a hill, usually due to the undermining effect of water; Lands′man, Land′man, one who lives or serves on land: one inexperienced in seafaring; Land′-spring, water lying near the surface, easily drawn upon by shallow wells; Land′-stew′ard, a person who manages a landed estate; Land′-survey′ing (see Surveying); Land′-tax, a tax upon land; Land′-turn, a land-breeze; Land′-wait′er, a custom-house officer who attends on the landing of goods from ships.—adv. Land′ward, toward the land.—adj. lying toward the land, away from the sea-coast: situated in or forming part of the country, as opposed to the town: rural.—n. Land′wind, a wind blowing off the land.—Land League, an association founded in Ireland by Michael Davitt in 1879, and organised by C. S. Parnell, to procure reduction and rearrangement of rents, and to promote the substitution of peasant-proprietors for landlords—condemned as an illegal conspiracy in 1881; Landed interest, the combined interest of the land-holding class in a community.—Make the land, to discover the land as the ship approaches it; Set the land, to observe by the compass how the shore bears from the ship. [A.S. land; Dut., Ger. land.]

Landamman, lan′dam-man, n. the president of the Swiss Diet: the head official in some Swiss cantons.

Landau, lan′daw, n. a coach or carriage with a top which may be opened and thrown back. [Ger. landauer, from Landau.]

Lande, land, n. an uncultivated healthy plain, esp. a sandy track along the sea-shore in south-western France. [Fr.]

Landgrave, land′grāv, n. a German graf, count, or earl:—fem. Landgravine (land′gra-vēn).—n. Landgrā′viāte, the territory of a landgrave. [Dut. landgraaf—land, land, graaf, count.]

Land-louper, land′-lowp′ėr, n. a vagabond or vagrant.—Also Land′-lop′er. [Dut. landloopen—land, land, loopen, to ramble; cf. Ger. landläufer.]

Landscape, land′-skāp, n. the appearance of that portion of land which the eye can at once view; the aspect of a country, or a picture representing it.—ns. Land′scape-gar′dening, the art of laying out grounds and so disposing water, buildings, trees, and other plants as to produce the effect of a picturesque landscape; Land′scape-paint′er, one who practises this form of art; Land′scape-paint′ing, the art of representing natural scenery by painting. [Dut. landschap, from land and -schap, a suffix=-ship.]

Landsthing, läns′ting, n. the upper house of the Danish Rigsdag or parliament. [Dan., land, land, thing, parliament.]

Landsturm, lant′stōōrm, n. in Germany and Switzerland, a general levy in time of national emergency—in the former including all males between seventeen and forty-five: the force so called out. [Ger., land, land, sturm, alarm.]

Landtag, lant′tahh, n. the legislative assembly of one of the states forming the modern German empire, as Saxony, Bavaria, &c.: the provincial assembly of Bohemia or Moravia. [Ger., land, country, tag, diet, day.]

Landwehr, länt′vār, n. a military force in Germany and Austria forming an army reserve. [Ger., land, land, wehr, defence.]

Lane, lān, n. an open space between corn-fields, hedges, &c.: a narrow passage or road: a narrow street: a fixed route kept by a line of vessels across the ocean.—A blind lane, a cul-de-sac. [A.S. lane; Scot, loan, lonnin.]

Lane, lān, a Scotch form of lone, alone,

Lang, a Scotch form of long.—n. Lang′syne, time long past.—Think lang, to weary.

Langaha, lan-gä′hä, n. a Madagascar wood-snake, with a flexible scaly extension on the snout.

Langet, lang′get, n. a strong lace used in women's dress in Holland.

Langshan, lang′shan, n. a small black Chinese hen.

Langspiel, lang′spēl, n. a Shetland form of harp.

Language, lang′gwāj, n. that which is spoken by the tongue: human speech: speech peculiar to a nation: style or expression peculiar to an individual: diction: any manner of expressing thought.—v.t. to express in language.—adjs. Lang′uaged, skilled in language; Lang′uageless (Shak.), speechless, silent; Lang′ued (her.), furnished with a tongue.—Dead language, one no longer spoken, as opp. to Living language, one still spoken; Flash language (see Flash). [Fr. langage—langue—L. lingua (old form dingua), the tongue, akin to L. lingēre, Gr. leichein.]

Langue d'oc, long dok, n. collective name for the Romance dialects spoken in the Middle Ages from the Alps to the Pyrenees—the tongue of the troubadours, often used as synonymous with Provençal, one of its chief branches. The name itself survived in the province Languedoc, giving name to a class of wines.—Langue d'oui (long dwē), also Langue d'oil, the Romance dialect of northern France, the language of the trouvères, the dominant factor in the formation of modern French. [O. Fr. langue—L. lingua, tongue; de, of; Prov. oc, yes—L. hoc, this; O. Fr. oui, oïl, yes—L. hoc illud, this (is) that, yes.]

Languette, lang′get, n. a 16th-century hood worn by women: the tongue of a reed of a harmonium or reed-organ: a key of a wind-instrument. [Fr.]

Languid, lang′gwid, adj. slack or feeble: flagging: exhausted: sluggish: spiritless.—adj. Languesc′ent, growing languid.—adv. Lang′uidly.—n. Lang′uidness. [Fr.,—L. languidus—languēre, to be weak.]

Languish, lang′gwish, v.i. to become languid or enfeebled: to lose strength and animation: to pine: to become dull, as of trade.—n. (Shak.) languishment.—adjs. Lang′uished, sunken in languor; Lang′uishing, expressive of languor, or merely sentimental emotion.—adv. Lang′uishingly.—n. Lang′uishment, the act or state of languishing: tenderness of look. [Fr. languir, languiss-,—L. languescĕre—languēre, to be faint.]

Languor, lang′gwur, n. state of being languid or faint: dullness: listlessness: softness.—adj. Lang′uorous, full of languor: tedious: melancholy.—v.t. Lang′ure (Spens.), to languish.

Laniard. Same as Lanyard.

Laniary, lā′ni-a-ri, n. a place of slaughter: shambles.—adj. fitted for lacerating or tearing. [L. laniarium—lanius, a butcher.]

Laniferous, lan-if′ėr-us, adj. wool-bearing.—Also Lanig′erous. [L. lanifer, laniger—lana, wool, ferre, gerĕre, to bear.]

Lank, langk, adj. languid or drooping: soft or loose: thin: shrunken: straight and flat.—v.i. (Shak.) to become lank.—adv. Lank′ly.—n. Lank′ness.—adj. Lank′y, lank and tall. [A.S. hlanc; Dut. slank, Ger. schlank, slender.]

Lanner, lan′ėr, n. a kind of falcon.—n. Lann′aret, the male bird. [Fr. lanier—L. laniarius.]

Lanolin, lan′ō-lin, n. an unctuous substance, a mixture of the ethers of cholesterin with fatty acids, used as a basis for ointments, extracted from wool. [L. lana, wool, oleum, oil.]

Lansquenet, lans′ke-net, n. a 16th-17th cent. mercenary pikeman: a game at cards. [Fr.,—Ger. landsknecht—land, country, knecht, a soldier.]

Lant, lant, n. stale urine, used in wool-scouring.

Lanterloo, lant′ėr-lōō, n. a game at cards, commonly Loo. [Dut. lanterlu.]

Lantern, lant′ėrn, n. a case for holding or carrying a light, the light chamber of a lighthouse: an ornamental structure surmounting a dome to give light and to crown the fabric: the upper square cage which illuminates a corridor or gallery—obs. form, Lant′horn, from the use of horn for the sides of lanterns.—v.t. to furnish with a lantern.—n. Lant′ern-fly, any insect of family Fulgoridæ, supposed to emit a strong light in the dark.—adj. Lant′ern-jawed, thin-faced.—n.pl. Lant′ern-jaws, thin long jaws.—Lantern of the dead, a tower having a small lighted chamber at the top, once common in French cemeteries; Lantern wheel, a kind of cog-wheel, in which a circle of bars or spindles between two heads engages with the cogs of a spur-wheel.—Chinese lantern, a collapsible paper lantern, generally decorated with flowers; Dark lantern, a lantern having an opaque slide, capable of being partly or wholly shut at pleasure; Magic lantern, an optical instrument by means of which magnified images of small pictures are thrown upon a wall or screen. [Fr. lanterne—L. lanterna—Gr. lamptēr—lampein, to give light.]

Lanthanum, lan′tha-num, n. a metal discovered in 1839 in cerite, a hydrated silicate of cerium.—Also Lan′thānium. [Gr. lanthanein, to conceal.]

Lanuginous, la-nū′jin-us, adj. downy: covered with fine soft hair.—n. Lanū′go. [Fr.,—L. lanuginosus—lanugo, down, lana, wool.]

Lanx, lanks, n. a platter or dish for serving meat at a Roman table:—pl. Lan′ces. [L.]

Lanyard, Laniard, lan′yard, n. a short rope used on board ship for fastening or stretching, or for convenience in handling articles. [Fr. lanière, perh. from L. lanarius, made of wool—lana, wool.]

Laocoön, lā-ok′-o-on, n. a famous antique group in marble in the Vatican, representing the Trojan priest Laocoön and his two sons being crushed in the folds of two enormous serpents.