Branches of the Thoracic Aorta

The bronchial and œsophageal arteries often arise separately.

Ten pairs of intercostal arteries usually arise from the aorta. The other three come from the subcostal artery.

The two phrenic arteries are very variable in origin. They may come from the aorta, the cœliac, left ruminal, or an intercostal or lumbar artery.