The Arabic Letters in this Volume have been Transliterated as follows:—

Arabic. Names. Roman. Pronunciation.

ا‎ Alif A a, i, u, at the beginning of a word.

ب‎ Bā B As in English.

ت‎ Tā T A soft dental, like the Italian t.

ث‎ S̤ā S̤ Very nearly the sound of th in thing.

ج‎ Jīm J As in English.

ح‎ Ḥā Ḥ A strong aspirate.

خ‎ K͟hā K͟h Guttural, like the Scotch ch in loch.

د‎ Dāl D Soft dental.

ذ‎ Ẕāl Ẕ A sound between dh and z.

ر‎ Rā R } As in English.

ز‎ Zā Z

س‎ Sīn S

ش‎ Shīn Sh

ص‎ Ṣād Ṣ A strongly articulated s; in Central Asia as sw.

ض‎ Ẓād Ẓ Something like the foreign pronunciation of the th in that; in Central Asia and India z or zw.

ط‎ T̤ā T̤ A strongly articulated palatal t.

ظ‎ Z̤ā Z̤ A strongly articulated z.

ع‎ ʿAin ʿ A guttural, the pronunciation of which must be learnt by ear.

غ‎ G͟hain G͟h A strong guttural g͟h.

ف‎ Fā F As in English.

ق‎ Qāf Q Like ck in stuck.

ك‎ Kāf K } As in English.

ل‎ Lām L

م‎ Mīm M

ن‎ Nūn N

ه‎ Hā H

و‎ Wau W

ى‎ Yā Y

َ‎ Fatḥah a } As in Italian.

ِ‎ Kasrah i

ُ‎ Ẓammah u

ء‎ Hamzah ʾ Pronounced as a, i, u, preceded by a very slight aspiration.